Few things transform us into frustrated baboons like navigating Turbotax each year. It’s incredible any computers physically survive April.
First there’s the maddening fact, when all is said and done, that the U.S. has something approaching a flat tax system. It’s true that, as right-wing think tanks constantly bleat, the top 1 percent pay a much higher rate than everyone else in federal income tax. But most people pay higher rates than the rich do in payroll and state and local taxes. Add everything together, and everyone from the middle class on up is paying about the same percentage in taxes overall.
Then there’s the grim reality that a big chunk of our money goes to buy things like 21,000-pound bombs, which we drop on, say, Afghanistan, a country with an economy one-one thousandth the size of ours.
And then there’s the process of paying taxes itself, which is mind-numbingly baroque — and for absolutely no reason. After all, the government already has copies of all of your tax forms. Countries like Denmark, Sweden and Spain use that information to fill out your return and send it to you. If it looks good, you sign it and you’re done (or if you think you see a mistake, you can change it). The sole reason we don’t have such a system is that the current disaster makes billions of dollars for tax software companies, which then use a slice of that to relentlessly lobby Congress to keep the status quo.
But if those are the only things turning you into a rage monkey this Tax Day, you’re not paying attention. As an extensive new report from Oxfam America explains, the biggest U.S. multinational corporations have positioned themselves for a political victory that will not just slash their taxes and leave regular people to pick up the bill, but also will set the stage for further corporate tax cuts in the future.
Corporate America has three main goals when it comes to taxes:
• Bring their “overseas” profits home. The top statutory tax rate for American corporations is 35 percent, on profits earned anywhere on earth. However, taxes aren’t assessed on profits from outside the U.S. until the money is brought back here.
This creates a huge incentive for companies to engage in complicated financial machinations to make it appear that as much of their profits as possible have been “earned” in other countries. They then leave the cash overseas in hopes of arranging a tax holiday allowing them to bring it back at a much lower rate. This already happened once, in 2004, when companies were assessed taxes at 5 percent on repatriated profits.
Oxfam determined that as of the 2015 tax year, the 50 largest U.S. multinational corporations have a gargantuan $1.6 trillion stashed in other countries. That’s about one-tenth the size of the entire U.S. economy.
Even more remarkably, Oxfam found the tally was up $200 billion from the year before. Tim Cook — CEO of Apple, which has more money overseas than any other company — said before last year’s election that he was “optimistic” there would be a new tax holiday no matter who was president. That jump in overseas profits suggests corporate lawyers and accountants throughout the business world were making a special effort to prepare for such an optimistic future.
Oxfam calculated that the top 50 companies spent $2.5 billion lobbying from 2009 to 2015, or about $46 million per member of Congress. The report also tracked the plethora of front groups set up by corporations to make the case for their kind of tax “reform.” The 50 companies belong to two such organizations on average, while eight of the 50 are members of four or more.
In public, the front groups claim that if big corporations can bring their money home at a special low tax rate, they’ll go on a hiring spree in the U.S. and pour money into investments here. In private, when discussing the subject with Wall Street analysts and investors, they explain that they’ll actually spend it on mergers and stock buybacks. An analysis by Goldman Sachs last November said the same thing, predicting that three-fourths of profits brought back to the U.S. would be used for buybacks.
• Bring down the corporate tax rate as far as possible. Read the Wall Street Journal op-ed page on any day or watch five minutes of CNBC, and you’ll learn that America’s 35 percent statutory corporate tax rate is one of the highest in the world.
Corporate America would dearly love to lower that as far as possible, and if that’s all you hear about the subject it sounds like it makes sense.
However, the effective U.S. corporate tax rate — what companies actually pay after taking advantage of every deduction and loophole — is much lower. A 2014 Congressional Research Service report found the effective U.S. rate was 27.1 percent, slightly lower than the 27.7 percent weighted average of the rest of the Organization for Economic and Cooperative Development, made up of most of the world’s richest countries. The 2015 Economic Report of the President, covering a more recent period, calculated that the effective marginal tax rate in the U.S. was 23.9 percent, compared to a weighted average of 20.6 percent for Japan, France, Germany, Canada, Italy and the UK.
Looked at another way, in 2014 OECD members raised an average of 2.8 percent of their GDP in revenue from corporate taxes. That same year the U.S. raised significantly less, at 2.2 percent.
In other words, there’s little sign U.S. companies are overtaxed by world standards.
• Use lowered U.S. tax rates to ratchet down rates everywhere else – and then come back for more here. The most important thing to understand about this issue is that multinational corporations will not be satisfied with a one-time tax cut. Instead, their goal is to use any reduction in U.S. taxes to force taxes down in the rest of the world, and then start complaining again that U.S. rates are too high.
This process is already well underway around the globe. The Oxfam report points out that in 1990 the average corporate tax rate in the world’s 20 major countries was 40 percent; by 2015 it had fallen to 28.7 percent. Moreover, the average 2.8 percent of GDP that OECD companies raised via corporate taxes in 2014 was significantly down from the 3.6 percent they raised just seven years before in 2007.
Politicians acutely feel pressure to bring down rates to make their countries “competitive.” Speaking last September, Bill Clinton explained that he didn’t mind a 35 percent corporate rate when he was president because at that point “it was precisely in the middle of the OECD countries” — but “it isn’t anymore,” so “we should try to get it as close to the international average as we can.”
Likewise, soon after Donald Trump won the election while calling for a top corporate tax rate of 15 percent, British Prime Minister Theresa May declared that her goal was for the UK to reduce its corporate tax from 20 percent to “the lowest corporate tax rate in the G20.”
The logical endpoint of this beggar-thy-neighbor dynamic is that eventually corporations will pay nothing in taxes, at which point everyone will in fact be beggars. “Rather than competing to win a race to the bottom,” says Robert Silverman, the main author of the Oxfam report, “international tax reform needs to be built on a new framework of cross-border cooperation, transparency and accountability.”
At this point, both the good news and the bad news on this subject is that Donald Trump is president. On the one hand, he animatedly vowed during last year’s debates that “I’ll be reducing taxes tremendously” on corporations and that “it’s going to be a beautiful thing to watch.” With a Republican Congress, the years of lobbying and payoffs by big business should be set to bear not just fruit but an entire orchard. But on the other hand, Trump is so lazy and incompetent he probably couldn’t get Congress to pass a resolution endorsing the American Revolution.
So as of now, Trump appears set to enjoy the same rousing success with taxes as he did with healthcare. He’s apparently thrown out the tax plan on which he campaigned and is starting over again from scratch.
Obamacare, however, was a subject of only tangential interest to corporate America. By contrast, a new and improved tax code could be worth trillions of dollars to them. With the stars so seemingly aligned, it’s unlikely that they’ll let their dream be deferred without a significant fight.
So as you sign your tax return, save some screeching and hooting for this infuriating topic. Regular people think about taxes as little as possible because we have no control over them, and the core unfairness of the U.S. system brings us nothing but vexation. But big corporations think about taxes every day — because they know that sooner or later, one way or another, they’ll get what they want.
Top photo: Mike Seals of Cleveland, Ohio stands outside the Renaissance Center in Detroit, protesting with others as General Electric held their shareholders meeting, on April 25, 2012.
In your first paragraph you assume that everybody uses Turbotax. Untrue. I have never used it. Also, I filed in February, so it’s all over for me. However, I waited until the very last minute to send a check by snail mail to the government. They don’t use my money the way I want it used, which is for free healthcare for all, free education, affordable housing, upgraded infrastructure and better wages and working conditions for everyone.
don’t most economist, left and right, agree that corporate tax should be lowered as it is that business’ need to thrive for a healthy economy? it is the ultra-rich that should pay their fair share and not be allowed to hide and precipitate generational wealth via off-shore banking and wealth management professionals. it is them that are being allowed to bleed us all dry.
Corporations are one powerful tool that the wealthy use for disastrous ends. So, tax the rich, but also: Revoke Corporate Charter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTpGzdc3ZFI
The upper-few have successfully legalized tax-fraud across the world. In Germany even the Catholic Church stores it’s money in Ireland to evade German taxes.
If Trump wants to implement a lower tax-rate and lax tax-laws for big-money for the whole country that effectively means that the US. will become a tax-haven itself.
Instead he should reform tax-laws so big-money contributes to the countries expenses in the same manner that civilians do. Creating a solid base to strengthen the financial base that makes the US. tick.
Thanks Donald !!
Thanks for the article. I was hoping the marchers this last Saturday would reject the democratic party herding over Trump’s tax return and exposure issues of tax inequity and the its cousin income inequity. No such luck on the marchers. Very disciplined message from all the feeds I saw.
The marchers were all bourgeois supporters of the Democratic Party. One can expect nothing from them. They should have been protesting imperialist war.
Strange you mention tax software companies and not accountants and tax lawyers etc as those impeding reform. But whatever.
Those evil corporations and evil rich people do not make laws and do not have armies to enforce laws. Any issues you have with the tax code are due to the political body who use tax breaks as favors. Its basically their best weapon.
Having said all of that, when you raise corporate tax rates, it is individuals who pay higher taxes in the form of lower wages and higher priced goods. How do people not understand this? When did the national switch flip making people think taxes are good? I feel like it was within the last five years. I promise you taxes are bad. No matter who they are levied against. I feel bad for everyone.
Ho hum. Another terrible Intercept article. This site is quickly becoming hate-reading material.
When corporations paid a larger percentage of the taxes than the citizens there was this thing called the middle class.
People feel corporate taxes are good now because we are supposedly recovering from the recession, unemployment is down, and wages are still stagnant. Corporations refuse to give reasonable wage increases, removed pensions, and cut benefits. If times are good and corporations give low wages and increase price of goods, we don’t have that much to lose by taxing them.
The price of goods is determined by supply and demand–not taxes. Taxes determine margins, not the price.
Dont need any Fed income or profit taxes to be honest except to discourage certain behavior or encourage other behavior (corporate and individual) Let the government create their own money instead of borrowing at interest. Interest on the debt equals what corporations pay in taxes each year which is 1/3 what individuals pay collectively . Congress can approve a 20 trillion dollar coin and pay off the debt.. But people have been brainwashed into thinking this is a bad thing to do, its all nonsense though. State in advance any attack on our dollars will be considered an act of war and fix the rate annually.
Let the states continue to tax to reduce the need for federal funds.
Never happen of course, we are slaves to the money power and they want to keep us that way
How do you not understand that CEO’s used to make 20-30 times the income of their average employees and now they make 250+ times the average employee? How do you not understand that no matter how terrible a CEO runs the corporation, they ALWAYS walk away with big $$$?
Most importantly, how do you understand that these corporations use our highways, use our courts for their plaything (Trump with 4000 lawsuits), pollute, etc., and stash their profits somewhere other than the US?
Gee I am certainly glad that corporations have gained the right to vote. Anything they want they get.
Without campaign finance reform, this just gets worse and worse.
It’s practically impossible to get elected without funding from large, corporate interests so that’s who gets represented.
Yes, parties have a minimum amount of funds to be raised just for candidacy and the privilege of running under their label.
Jon, you wrote: “Obamacare, however, was a subject of only tangential interest to corporate America.” If they appeared uninterested it is because Obamacare debate is actually their ploy to distract us from single payer options.
The current U.S. healthcare system even with the Obamacare improvements primarily exists to empower and enrich the vampires of our society. It was passed into law by despicable bought and paid for politicians, and upheld in our courts by judges that are the antithesis of a Solomon.
Why will we never have single payer healthcare? We will not have it because then the corporatocracy would not be able to hold over their employees “Work for us on our terms because if you do not and if one of your loved family members becomes ill they may very well suffer and die”. So, work longer hours with ever decreasing wage purchasing power, and let us dump more and more work upon you and simply nod yes when we tell you that you are just not managing your time well, or else.
I would hope that a country like Denmark; 25% VAT, along with upper end of 51% various income taxes, would also give you a BJ, along with that filled out tax form. Bloat on about the corps screwing you, just keep on bending over for the gov_tax havens like Swedejob and Denmark though.
in high tax rate (actual tax not the gimme-rig us rate) EU countries you actually get what you pay for – real public services that work.
In the fraudulent US economy you pay high personal tax if you are poor, no tax if you are wealthy, and you not only get the shaft you also get the added benefit of war and death.
have a nice day.
You’re absolutely right.
Perfect. The gutting of US workers is well on it’s way to make most of the USA into third world, or at least second world, status. We get expensive wars, threatening world peace, a growing poverty class, out of control consumer debt, etc, for our taxes. Now the corporate congress wants to lower rates even more and gut all forms of social support leaving ever more people to complete destitution. Kinda like the crash of ’29, only in slow motion. Things are so outa kelter I’m inclined to think we’ve reached the threshold and perhaps gone past the point of redemption. Too bad more folks didn’t have the time or inclination to see what’s been going on and try to stop this looming economic nightmare.
For many Americans, rising healthcare and education costs would easily add up to a similar tax rate. I for one am against a large population of unhealthy fools and we’re already well on our way…
What do we call this tax avoidance? Tax evasion. Extortion. Bribery, and more. Is the Apple Board of Directors proud that Tim Cook is holding the govt. hostage? Damn right they are. Besides, many corporate CEO’s and people on Wall Street hated Obama as well. But they couldn’t publically say that because they were afraid of being labelled as racist.
Which corporation has the most expensive lobbyists in DC?
You and Jon justly focus on Apple.
“…Apple, which has more money overseas than any other company…”
And we the people let them get away with it. It is obvious that the corporatocracy with their corrupt campaign financing and corporate personhood has the game rigged and almost won; unfortunately winning means they go as far as destroying the planet …game over.
If we the people had the courage and wisdom to put forth a BDS on companies like Apple that do not pay their fair share and on corporations that destroy our planet we could pull off a game winning effort and send the greedy bullies home shamefully and empty handed.
Martin Luther King Jr. was so perceptive in his speech “The Three Evils of Society: Racism, Consumerism, and Militarism”.
Even though we have been propagandized into being the masters of our own slavery that being “consumerism” the time is ripe for the masses to see the way out of tyranny and that is to stop enabling the tyrants.
Starting in 2018, increase taxes from known tax havens by 5% every year, until it reaches 100%. I will be looking forward to all of the new jobs and wealth when corporations suddenly decide 2017 is the year to bring the money back. Done pandering to them.
just declare a state of “hording” and CLAW BACK EVERY DOLLAR.
new law – for corporations, if you dont spend it, you lose it. Purchases of public property and services are disallowed.
Rather than taxing these multinational criminals, let’s tax their goods/services at the point of sale. This would make it much more difficult for them to hide/stash their profits in low tax havens. They tried to do this in Oregon, but through massive spending by the corporates, they convinced the sheeple that it would increase their costs. Not true, of course, but if it were true, it would open up a huge opportunity for local small businesses to step into such a void.
Corporate tax rates are double taxation. Eliminate corporate taxes entirely and just reform taxes on the individuals that profit from them. People just like the idea of sticking it to the evil corporations, but it convolutes everything and ends up inducing enormous entities to heavily lobby Congress on the matter.
Either corporations are “people,” or they aren’t. You cannot have it both ways, John. There are either two separate “people” being taxed (and hence no double taxation), or the corporation is not a “person.”
Would love to see the intercept take a hard look at the impact of fatca on americans overseas. Companies get a pass and expats are hunted down like dogs and having their lives destroyed.
As an american citizen living outside the united states (20+ years) all foreign banks are required to report every transaction to the u.s. irs, are denying me a bank account, are stopping americans from being hired by companies with no due process or review. Thousands of american citzens are being forced to renounce their citizenship. All that and you dont even have to owe taxes to the u.s. to be treated as a criminal simply for living outside the u.s.
WHOA!!?? You’re kidding?? Maybe “The Intercept” needs to do an article about this. Would you possibly have some linking material to this information? I sincerely would like to know more……and I hardly even know where to begin my search. Color me blown-away by this….
Unless you’re being sarcastic, Ms. Ray: http://api.ning.com/files/RO9ZrH7HPHpdSApxNGnan8hbL9gJMV5KRfJ2nmmwtwCUQhQEST-1TE8TttgohTSFs*bdxcpBM-uiDre2qMPwjYTgXO4kQA9J/AmericanExpatriationGuide.pdf
This isn’t new, and that’s how you do it. Obtain another passport from another country and renounce the US and its global tax grab.
It is incredibly difficult to renounce US citizenship and incredibly expensive. You can’t just tear up your US passport – if only you could there would be hundreds of thousands of happy US ex-pats in the world! And why should people who have lived overseas most of their lives and have nothing to do with the US, other than having been born there, have to mortgage their lives to get rid of a citizenship they never wanted in the first place? Despite what most people in the States believe, it is MUCH easier to receive US citizenship than it is to get rid of it. For anyone who wants to know more, the place to learn is the Isaac Brock Society http://isaacbrocksociety.ca/.
I’ve always been surprised that Glenn Greenwald, living overseas, has never cared to shine his beam on the US practice of citizenship based taxation (the US is the only country in the world to do this other than Eritrea) and FATCA. Cenc, above, is not exaggerating when he/she writes of US ex-pats having their lives destroyed by it.
It’s not that difficult, but yes, it can be expensive. There are cheaper, yet more time-consuming methods.
And yes, there are hundreds of thousands of happy expats out there.
I’ll check out your link later.
It’s difficult if you’ve been living abroad for 35 years and have never filed a US tax return in your life (having eg left the US at the age of 10 and paying taxes in whatever country you have been inhabiting for 35 years) or many other similar scenarios. It can be done, but it will cost you 6 figures, easy. It will ruin you.
That depends on the size of the bucket you’re working out of, and the principles you hold.
I’ve never HAD 6 figures in my entire life.
Then you better never move overseas and try to get rid of US citizenship.
Considering the headline, Jon, (maybe you didn’t write it) I more than half expected a sentence or link telling everyone Tax Day this year is actually tomorrow, April 18. I know, it seems unusual to me too. Probably the Easter weekend and all. Perhaps not the case in every state but for federal returns at least, and my state of Colorado.
Well that just sounds so Trump Administration I can’t even. I’ll just be over here holding my breath.
I would love to see a social media campaign telling everyone to not pay any of their loans for one month. Give everyone a heads up and call the day “We The People”. Everyone who has some form of debt just says “Nope!” for one month and just see what happens. There would be panic across all financial industries as they try to figure out how to punish everyone. More punitive fees would just mean those people are even less likely to pay. There aren’t enough prison cells for every citizen.
It would be a pretty funny message.
Seems as logical as “don’t buy gas on tuesday” social media campaigns to punish the oil companies.
If you want to do something, stop taking on debt.
Yeah, that’s why I said it was funny, not logical. Good luck re-brainwashing AmeriKKKa out of its hyperconsumer tail spin. Nobody is getting out of debt unless everyone stops having children and buying things, which won’t happen.
That’s why I make fun of it. Laughter is the only way to cope now.
I’m sure people would love to stop taking on debt, but sadly they need medical care that is far beyond affordable for the average person, or an education in order to get a job that can pay for the medical care – none of which are within reach by any stretch of the imagination for the average american. I’m sure you are one of those people who believes if ‘da guberment’ would just stop interfering the free market would correct itself and we could all suddenly afford things because for profit industries would suddenly stop duping us if there were no government interference.
Wow, you must be really “sure of yourself”, to be sure of what I believe, when I myself am unsure.
I’ll say what I think at this moment in time for purpose of discussion. I believe most consumer debt is voluntary. Most of it is people buying things they think they need but don’t. You can survive on very little. You don’t need a house or a car, just a place to sleep and a way to get around. It was a bad investment if you borrowed $50k to be a 3.0 GPA liberal arts graduate instead of going to a trade school. You can learn anything you want to for free now for the first time in the history of mankind, only the certification has become a racket. If the return on investment for the certification you paid for is bad, that was your choice. And sure there are some cases of sudden medical expenses causing people dept problems but that is a smaller part of it.
But while I agree with this right-wing stereotype you projected onto me, I find there are problems of with how voluntary is used. It means choice by free will, and with knowledge of consequences implicitly implied. I do not believe most people knowingly consent to the ramifications of the debt they sign up for. I believe most people are too stupid to know what they are doing because we have a media and society(public schools, entertainment, etc) that is intentionally structured around keeping them stupid so they continue to get used like herd animals. The regulations the government makes is to milk the consumer to the benefit of special interests, not protect them. But that is because we have a government that represents the corporations/banks, not the people. The corrupt corporate establishment owns the media, and the media owns the voters, ergo the establishment owns the government and that is the problem.
I believe this will continue until more people realize the two party system is one party(the corporate party), with two theatrical factions designed to divide the population and conquer them. There is a reason nothing changes no matter who is elected. They don’t work for any of us. I do believe in free markets. We have nothing resembling an actual free market anywhere in the US. Everything is rigged. I don’t know how to fix it without more people waking up to the partisan scheme of divide and conquer.
If the government reflected the interest of the population we would have a market based economy with a strong social support baseline and jobs would be the icing on the cake (and only productive functions would be performed). As long as the goal remains a full employment consumer economy, they will keep miking people like cows, working jobs filling in holes to be dug up by someone else, and in debt to chase a life they can’t afford, all while the milk gets fed to the establishment.
What I’m more amazed about is that these rich pricks can actually convince so many of us poor dumb bastards that they aren’t making enough money now and if we just cut them a break so they have all the money then they will start dishing it back to us. Oh, sure you rich prick, take all the fucking money and just give me what you think I need. I trust you.
Exactly my thinking. And the idea that Trump won’t be able to pass his Tax Reform just seems rather funny. The only reason I could ever imagine it not passing, is if the cuts to the wealthy ba$tards wasn’t deep enough. BOTH sides of the isle now appear to be okie dokie with Corporate Welfare. It seems even the average Joe Blow, has bought into this lower taxes for the wealthy,… game plan. Sad reminder is, the countries this article mentioned doesn’t pay for an ever expanding …. Army Of Empire.
good article. but the corp taxes shielded with offshore techniques need to be contextualized with the much larger overall totals. $32Tr estimated by TJN, Zucman, Reuters, etc? http://www.taxfairness.ca/en/news/32-trillion-hidden-offshore-tax-havens http://tjn-usa.org/storage/documents/The_Price_of_Offshore_Revisited_-_22-07-2012.pdf http://www.reuters.com/article/us-offshore-wealth-idUSBRE86L03U20120722
Here is an article that looks at how much it costs American individuals and corporations to remain compliant to IRS regulations:
http://viableopposition.blogspot.ca/2016/06/irs-tax-compliance-costly-business.html
Even though politicians often campaign on simplifying the tax code, reality shows that this is one promise that has never been kept.
If you drive a car
I’ll tax the street
If you decide to walk
I’ll tax your feet
If you try to sit
I’ll tax your seat
If it get’s too cold
I’ll tax the heat
– Taxman, The Beatles
Truth is taxes don’t fund spending. There is no single account where all collected taxes of a year are pooled and then withdrawn for government agencies.
Taxes in modern times, especially federal, are premarily for monetary reasons only. Taxes help draw intrinsic functional demand for the USD within the country the sovereign currency is issued from. Deficits are an abriturarily contrived relationship between annual tax collected and government spending. Liberals and Conservatives are wrong with economics.
It is possible, as you see now, for government to spend beyond that which it collects without racking up inflation(This is excluding stimulus packages and bailing out of banks~ quant easening).
Taxation based politics is a sham created by both parties for their own purposes.
Well, “a sham created by *the FED*”…which is also the root of the deficit.
What would be nice is if the FED was audited so that ppl could see this and, hopefully, unlike their normalizing of Snowden’s revelations (which make me suspicious), actually react like good outraged ppl should
” a big chunk of our money goes to buy things like 21,000-pound bombs ”
Not entirely true. Here are two factors that challenge the above assertion:
1) It can be easily said, it is not US citizens’ money that is used to pay for these bombs. It is borrowed money. As to repaying this money, see point 2).
2) Dropping large bombs, on countries the US doesn’t like, serves as a strong message to the nation-creditors, should they ever think of pestering the US to repay the debts.
They will rally around the “Death Tax.”
Get ready for the old “We are saving family farms . . . ” bit.
Here’s a tiny example of the influence of the tax software lobby. In 2015 and 2016 I got back letters from the IRS saying that I had made small errors in my tax returns, a few pennies, not enough to change the outcome. The first time I thought oh hell, maybe I missed something. But the second time I double double-checked … then went online … found out the answer:
The instructions on the tax form say that you can round off your numbers to whole dollar amounts. But, well, simple-minded geeks of a scientific background don’t round things off for the heck of it, doesn’t matter to us. What I read online is that the IRS doesn’t even bother scanning what you wrote in for cents on the form! They don’t even try to round it, but just chop off everything after the decimal. Why? Well, apparently the tax software was written for whole dollar amounts.
It’s a little thing, but it seems significant — it doesn’t actually matter what the instructions say, only what the top tax companies do. If you’re not doing it their way, you’re wrong by definition, no matter what you read in the instructions.
It has been that way – rounding off – for as long as I remember.
(Good article, Jon Schwarz.)