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Militaries, Intelligence Agencies, and Law Enforcement Dominate U.S. and U.K. Government Purchasing from U.S. Tech Giants The U.S. government is dramatically underrepresenting its procurement from tech giants. And, while Amazon & Google won Nimbus, Microsoft licenses are the bulk of EU & Canadian spend. Jack Poulson, Tech Inquiry September 5, 2022 “How do we make sure that we create [European cloud businesses] using public procurement...in the U.S. we hear about this JEDI contract which is worth gigantic amounts of money and is being challenged as we speak. So, these things will create giants, or reinforce giants, and we do not have such a thing.” Yann Lechelle, CEO of French cloud provider Scaleway, July 12, 2021. “Now imagine that an organization like the International Criminal Court wants information on [Israel Defense Forces] soldiers. It doesn’t have to ask Israel for anything. All it has to do is get an order in the country where the data are stored. It’s not Google or Amazon’s fault, it’s just the way the world works. Running any cloud outside of Israel, storing Israeli data outside Israel, is dangerous.” Eran Feigenbaum, Head of Oracle Israel, Aug. 2021. 1

1 Summary While reporting on relationships between U.S. tech giants and militaries and intelligence agencies is com￾mon, it generally focuses on one or two large contracts rather than attempting a holistic analysis. Readers therefore might not have even a vague sense of which companies are receiving the most money and from which governments despite being aware of numerous recent multi-billion dollar contracts – perhaps the U.S. Army’s augmented reality goggles contract with Microsoft, the National Security Agency’s WILDAND￾STORMY cloud contract with Amazon, or the Israeli government’s Nimbus cloud contract with Alphabet and Amazon. This report boils down the combination of more than a thousand public contracting records with reporting on classified contracts to produce estimates of overall financial flows between three U.S. technology companies with market capitalizations over one trillion dollars (Microsoft, Amazon, and Alpha￾bet) and the governments of the United States and several of its closest allies (the UK, Canada, Australia, Israel, and the European Union and European Free Trade Association). Several factors combine together to obscure analysis of money flows between tech companies and gov￾ernments: ˆ Despite being the subject of widespread reporting, many of the largest known contracts with U.S. tech companies are classified and withheld from public procurement databases such as USASpend￾ing.gov. For example, Amazon’s potential $10 billion WILDANDSTORMY contract with the NSA is withheld from USASpending despite Amazon and Microsoft’s bids being in a public legal deci￾sion.[674] Figure 1 explains the several order of magnitude divergence between USASpending.gov’s reporting on Amazon’s U.S. federal revenue and what is easily publicly accounted for. ˆ Due to technicalities in U.S. transparency legislation, the official government website for aggregating U.S. federal contracting data excludes whole classes of contracts, including Microsoft’s largest known unclassified government contract (the U.S. Army’s Integrated Visual Augmentation System contract has an upper bound of $22 billion).1 ˆ Even in the case of unclassified awards, there is immense ambiguity as to how much of the potential spend is feasible or likely. In April, the Assistant Secretary for Acquisition of the U.S. Army responded to Inspector General critique of potential waste in Microsoft’s augmented reality goggles contract by arguing “Less than half of [the $22 billion] total is possible for the U.S. Army [to eventually spend]”, and that the full total included “all possible sales to sister services, Foreign Military Sales and all maximized service contracts”. And for the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Commercial Cloud Enterprise contract, there is the further ambiguity as to how the “tens of billions” of potential dollars will be split among the five reported recipients. ˆ Billions of dollars in contracts flow through intermediaries rather than directly to the tech companies whose products are being purchased. This appears to be less relevant for post-2018 American cloud computing procurement than it was in previous years, but the U.S. government has awarded Dell more than $2 billion for Microsoft software licenses since 2018. (And, in Europe and Australia, the majority of Microsoft’s government revenue appears to be through intermediaries.) We have found that an exclusion of even a single one of these categories leads to qualitatively incorrect results when analyzing moneyflows between American tech giants and allied governments. One must include reporting on classified contracts, compensate for even unclassified blindspots in federal procurement databases, account for loose upper bounds on contract values which are ambiguously split between multiple companies, and estimate income from intermediated contracts. (To the author’s surprise, U.S. federal subcontracting data made an insignificant contribution to this study.2 ) 1As we later explain, Other Transaction Agreements are not covered by the Federal Funding Accountability and Trans￾parency Act (FFATA) which dictated the creation of USASpending.gov. 2Subcontracting data was central to the author’s previous report on U.S. military and intelligence analysis of “Publicly Available Information”, such as cellphone location-tracking datasets, and how it relates to the Pentagon’s “Project Maven” surveillance initiative. 2

... Figure 1: Two screenshots on August 19, 2022 from the USASpending.gov overview of Amazon’s contracts with the U.S. federal government. Despite the headline claim of a total of $38.3 million in total obligations to Amazon, the same page lists a total of $92.3 million in per-year obligations ($14.9 million in 2022, $36.0 million in 2021, $33.4 million in 2020, etc.). Beyond these internal discrepancies, we note the difference in scale relative to the Government Accountability Office’s public summary of the $10 billion ceiling WILDANDSTORMY contract awarded to Amazon Web Services on July 7, 2021 (Amazon’s listed bid was $482.3 million), the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Commercial Cloud Enterprise (C2E) award to Amazon et al. for “tens of billions”, and the earlier U.S. IC Commercial Cloud Services (C2S) award to Amazon for $600 million.[674, 10, 3, 12] 3

Figure 2: The fifth slide from a March 22, 2019 industry day presentation on the U.S. Intelligence Com￾munity’s Commercial Cloud Enterprise (C2E) given by the CIA’s Directorate of Digital Innovation.[3] The event ostensibly took place at a MITRE facility: “In the case of an emergency...exit through MITRE 4 front lobby.” Bloomberg Government published the slides alongside news of the award in November 2020 and cited Federal News Network and Nextgov reports that the awardees were: AWS, Microsoft, Google, Oracle, and IBM.[15, 14] FedScoop reported based on “earlier contracting documents” that C2E would have a 15-year period of performance.[16] 4

Carefully accounting for each of the above-mentioned obstacles results in our finding that more than 98% of Microsoft, Amazon, and Alphabet’s post-2018 awards from the U.S. federal government are from militaries, intelligence, or law enforcement contracts.3 Whereas in the UK, roughly half of Microsoft and Amazon’s public contracts are security related, and Google has essentially none (though we are at the mercy of investigative reporting for classified contracts).4 Despite the Israeli government’s Nimbus cloud computing award to Google and Amazon being estimated at roughly $1.2 billion and explicitly involving cloud computing and artificial intelligence support for the Israel Defense Forces, the percentage of the contract going towards military and intelligence is unclear. Similar ambiguity exists in Microsoft’s billion dollar whole-of-government Canadian Microsoft 365 contract and in Amazon’s contracts with the Australian Digital Transformation Agency. In the European Union and European Free Trade Association, public security-related contracts with U.S. tech giants appear to be relatively rare beyond Microsoft licenses to police and interior ministries (for example, of the Czech Republic and Germany).5 This situation may change given recent “sovereign cloud” partnerships such as between Google and French defense contractor Thales. On an international level, we conclude that Google and Amazon’s recent Nimbus award is worth more than all of the combined public contracts between said companies and all of the governments of the European Union, European Free Trade Association, and Canada since 2018. Further, our analysis finds that, since 2018, Microsoft has been awarded more than fifteen times as much from the governments of the European Union and European Free Trade Association as Amazon and Alphabet combined. (Microsoft’s European government income is primarily from software licensing.) Overall, this report aggregates the public contracts awarded since the beginning of 2018 between Amer￾ican cloud computing giants Microsoft, Amazon, and Alphabet and the governments of the United States and several of its closest partners: ˆ The United Kingdom, which enjoys a “special relationship” with the United States, ˆ Canada, which jointly runs “the world’s only binational military command” with the United States (the North American Aerospace Defense Command, or NORAD), ˆ Australia, which joined the United States and the United Kingdom in the AUKUS military partner￾ship in September 2021, ˆ Israel, who partners with the U.S. on tactical drones and “anti-tunnel work” and further received more than $1.6 billion in U.S. funding for its Iron Dome missile defense system (another $1 billion was committed in September 2021),6 and ˆ The 27 countries of the European Union and four additional countries – Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein – which make up the European Free Trade Association. According to the European Parliament: “The EU and U.S. are the biggest economic and military powers in the world, dominate global trade, play the leading roles in international political relations, and whatever one says matters a great deal, not only to the other, but to much of the rest of the world.” 3Amazon’s 11 year, potentially $5.5 billion, contract with U.S. Communities (which has since been renamed OMNIA Partners) is not included in this study for two reasons: (i) the contract was signed in 2017, and (ii) we have restricted our U.S. analysis to federal contracts due to the fragmentation of state and local records. 4While several classified contracts have been made public, such as through the Government Accountability Office’s summary of Microsoft’s bid protest of the National Security Agency’s WILDANDSTORMY cloud computing award to Amazon Web Services,[674, 10] we cannot rule out non-public, classified European contracts. 5Due to time constraints, European contracts were only partially categorized as to whether they related to national security or law enforcement. 6The Israeli government’s most recent bulk procurement dataset, located at data.gov.il/dataset/exemptions, was last updated in February 2021. However, the website itself was also manually searched for more recent contracts using mr.gov.il/ilgstorefront/en/search/. 5

Microsoft Amazon Alphabet Total US $13.5B $10.2B $4.26B $28.0B EU+EFTA $6.95B $371M $59.6M $7.38B UK $3.36B $2.30B $101M $5.76B CA $1.50B $30.2M $4.96M $1.53B IL $9.48M $610M $610M $1.23B AU $640M $429M $3.84M $1.07B $26.0B $13.9B $5.04B $44.9B Table 1: Estimated total per-region award amounts from publicly disclosed contracts for products from Microsoft, Amazon, or Alphabet (or one of their subsidiaries) since 2018. Each per-region total is the result of manually estimating the income value of each sufficiently large public procurement award (including the multi-billion dollar DoD cloud computing contract JWCC, which is expected to be awarded in December).[8] See Tables 8 and 9 for Amazon’s U.S. awards, 4, 5, and 6 for Microsoft’s U.S. awards, and 11 for Alphabet’s U.S. awards. Each other region results from analogous tables reported in this document, though we note that Amazon and Alphabet’s estimated total awards from Israel are entirely due to their Nimbus cloud contracts. While there is a large amount of uncertainty in the ceiling of the U.S. IC’s C2E contract – which was publicly estimated by the CIA in 2019 as worth “tens of billions” – we conservatively interpreted this to mean $10 billion spread evenly across the five recipients (which include Microsoft, Amazon, and Google).[3, 14] Microsoft Amazon Alphabet Total IL 0.02 1.27 1.27 2.55 UK 1.06 0.72 0.03 1.81 US 0.59 0.44 0.18 1.21 CA 0.75 0.02 0.00 0.77 AU 0.41 0.28 0.00 0.69 EU+EFTA 0.38 0.02 0.00 0.40 Table 2: An analogue of Table 1 normalized by 0.1% of each region’s 2021 GDP (as shown in 3). Thus, each box corresponds to our estimate of a given region’s (front-loaded) GDP-normalized public awards to a particular American tech company since 2018. The coefficient of 0.1% was empirically selected simply to keep the largest normalized values between 1 and 10. Using this lens, we might conclude that the Israeli and UK governments are even more aggressive customers of US cloud giants than the US government. Beyond the expected dominance of a handful of billion dollar defense and intelligence cloud computing contracts (see Table 3), Table 1 details our earlier claim that Israel’s Nimbus award to Amazon and Google is estimated to be worth more than the entirety of the two companies post-2018 government contracts with the EU, EFTA, and Canada.7 This is arguably surprising given that Israel’s 2021 Gross Domestic Product ($482 billion) is roughly forty times smaller than that of the combined EU and EFTA. (See Figure 3.) The bulk of the uncertainty in our estimates is in the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Commercial Cloud Enterprise (C2E) contract with Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Oracle, and IBM, which has been reported to be worth “tens of billions” over 15 years.8 [3, 14, 685] Given the uncertainty in how many tens of billions, we took the conservative estimate of $10 billion distributed evenly among the five vendors. We similarly conservatively estimated the value of Amazon’s WILDANDSTORMY cloud computing contract with the 7The UK Met Office’s £1 billion weather supercomputer contract with Microsoft is a notable – and controversial – case of a billion dollar contract which is reasonably disconnected from any security establishment.[568] 8Former Director of National Intelligence James Clapper told CNN in April 2019 that “I always cringed any time I was referred to as the head spy. The word ‘spy’ has a lot of negative baggage with it, negative connotations. It smacks of illegality without oversight or supervision.” While there is a public relations angle to U.S. (secret) security services branding themselves as “intelligence” that ‘speaks truth to power’,[677] we use the term “U.S. Intelligence Community” as the official title of the collection of (now) 18 components, including the Central Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency, and Federal Bureau of Investigation. As should be clear from our report, our usage of this term is not meant to obscure abuses – up to and including coups and torture – committed by said agencies. 6

Vendors Buyers Name Ceiling Award Length Microsoft US Army IVAS $22B USD March 2021 10-11 years AWS, Microsoft, Google, Oracle and IBM US IC C2E[14] ‘tens of billions’ USD* Nov. 2020 15 years[16] AWS US NSA WILDANDSTORMY[10] $10B July 2021 5 years AWS, Microsoft, Google and Oracle US DoD JWCC[684] $9B* Dec. 2022* 5 years* AWS and Google Israel Nimbus 4B NIS ($1.2B) April 2021 7-23 years Microsoft UK Met Weather Supercomputer[568] £1.03B 2021 10-12 years AWS UK IC N/A £500M-1B † 2021* 10 years* AWS, Microsoft, Google, Oracle, IBM, UKCloud... UK Cabinet Cloud Compute £750M May 2021 2 years AWS et al. US AF Adv. Battle Mgmt. System $950M Sept. 2020 5 years Table 3: The largest publicly disclosed government purchases from Amazon, Microsoft, Google, or Oracle since 2018. All fields marked with a ‘*’ are projections based upon the most recently known public statements from the relevant government. The Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability (JWCC) contract is projected to have a 3 year base period with two one-year options. †’s denote reported estimates from “experts”. Figure 3: A comparison of the 2021 Gross Domestic Products of the United States ($23 trillion), European Union ($17.09 trillion), United Kingdom ($3.19 trillion), Canada ($1.99 trillion), Australia ($1.54 trillion), and Israel ($482 billion) produced by the World Bank. (Our regional analysis makes use of the combination of the European Union and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) – which includes Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein – and the EFTA contributed roughly $1.3 trillion in additional 2021 GDP.) 7

National Security Agency half-way between the contract ceiling ($10 billion) and Amazon’s published bid ($482M) and estimated Microsoft’s troubled $22 billion ceiling Integrated Visual Augmentation System (IVAS) contract at $5 billion (so far, FPDS lists $397M in obligations).[674, 10] 9 In the case of the Depart￾ment of Defense’s expected December award of the Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability contract – which replaces the cancelled Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure contract – we assumed an even split of the $9 billion ceiling between the four awarded vendors.[8, 684] The Israeli government’s 4 billion NIS Nimbus cloud computing award to Amazon and Google was assumed to be equally split between the two companies (at the moment, this is $610M each). 10 Further, we took the center of Financial Times’ estimated range of the value of Amazon’s cloud contract with UK intelligence agencies (GCHQ, Security Service (MI5), and Secret Intelligence Service (MI6)).[1385] Using said conservative estimates for the large defense and intelligence cloud contracts results in an overall estimate of roughly $44.9 Billion in contracts with Microsoft, Amazon, and Alphabet from the governments of the U.S., U.K., Canada, Israel, and EU over roughly the last four and a half years.11 Of this total estimate, Microsoft was concluded to receive roughly 58% ($26.0 billion), Amazon 31% ($13.9 billion), and Alphabet 11% ($5.04 billion). The volatility of Alphabet’s estimate is particularly high, as roughly 96% of its estimated total (i.e., $4.83 billion) comes from the assumption of equal award amount splits between the five recipients of C2E (which is presumed to have a $10 billion ceiling), four active bidders for the soon-to-be-awarded $9 billion JWCC, and two recipients for the $1.2 billion Nimbus.1213 According to a September 2021 report from Synergy Research Group, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google then accounted for 69% of the 26 billion EUR European (public plus private) cloud market. One might thus argue that the EU procuring less from Amazon and Google than the UK and Israel is the result of: 1. The tendency of defense and intelligence to dominate government cloud computing procurement. 2. The US’s close security relationships with the United Kingdom and Israel. 3. The lack of large EU-native cloud computing companies.14 4. Israel’s Nimbus cloud computing contract, a unique seven year investment meant to further develop the country’s famously high density of tech companies. Each section that follows breaks down and contextualizes a particular region’s public procurement with Microsoft, Amazon, and Google. The uniting theme outside of the United States is a demand for domestic storage and legal control over the data associated with the use of American cloud computing services. For example, four months after Human Rights Watch released a report describing Israeli “crimes against humanity of apartheid and persecution”, the head of Oracle Israel publicly warned that Google’s Nimbus award could lead to the International Criminal Court gathering information on the Israel Defense Forces through the German government.15 We also discuss in detail the German and French governments’ troubled GAIA-X effort to push for European data sovereignty when partnering with American cloud giants. While Amazon, Microsoft, and Alphabet are the three largest cloud computing providers, we were only able to partially break out cloud contracts as part of our analysis of their total government revenue. 9 In most cases for U.S. awards, we split the difference between published obligated amounts and the contract ceiling only when at least six months were left on the contract (otherwise, we used the obligated amount as the estimate). In a few high profile cases where there is reason to believe otherwise, such as Microsoft’s IVAS, we estimated less than the centerpoint. 10As part of this research, the author stumbled on the Israeli government providing the link to Google’s Nimbus training materials: googlecloud.folloze.com/nimbus. This discovery resulted in a report from The Intercept.[5] 11JWCC is an exception, as it is expected to be awarded in December of this year. We have included JWCC because its now-cancelled predecessor, JEDI, had previously been awarded to Microsoft and the pair of contracts (though especially JEDI) is widely acknowledged by the general public. 12The author would guess that Amazon received a larger share than Google on both C2E and Nimbus but – given the lack of any evidence – remained with the default assumption of an equal distribution. 13We do not include the State Department’s reported $10 billion “Evolve” solicitation. 14The infamous fire in OVHcloud’s Strasbourg data center damaged the reputation of the EU cloud computing industry. 15Oracle’s Israel head, Eran Feigenbaum, is also a mentalist and was previously Director of Security for Google Enterprise. 8

Beyond the ambiguity in contract descriptions and the fact that some contracts include a blend of cloud and non-cloud components with unclear financial breakdowns, understanding the totality of revenue from particular governments allows us to meaningfully compare against tax withholdings. Comparing our overall estimates of government contracting income in the U.S. and U.K. with the most recently available five year period of public tax filing data yielded two striking conclusions: that Amazon was awarded roughly twice as much in U.S. federal contracts as its tax withholdings (roughly $5 billion in withholdings vs. roughly $10 billion in contracts), and Microsoft is receiving roughly fifteen times as much in contracts from the UK government as it is paying in taxes (£2.8 billion vs. £191 million).16 16Because Amazon’s 2022 annual report to the SEC will likely only become public in February of 2023, we used the most recent five years of public data (from 2017 to 2021). 9

2 United States 2.1 The rise of billion dollar military and intelligence cloud contracts On March 12th of 2013, Barack Obama’s Director of National Intelligence, James Clapper, infamously issued a publicly denial in response to Senator Ron Wyden’s question as to whether “the [National Security Agency] collect[s] any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans”. Less than a week later, government-focused news outlet FCW reported an unprecedented contract between Amazon Web Services and the Central Intelligence Agency worth as much as $600 million (the so-called “ceiling”) over 10 years and support the (then) 17 members of the U.S. Intelligence Community (USIC) – including the NSA. According to a “senior U.S. intelligence official”, the purchasing decision was based around Clapper’s Intelligence Community Information Technology Enterprise, or IC ITE, strategy. Edward Snowden’s disclosures of the NSA’s domestic surveillance arrived in June of 2013 and brought about years of scrutiny as to whether Clapper had committed perjury when responding to Wyden in March. And on the Saturday just four days after Snowden went public, Microsoft began a $575 million ceiling contract with the Defense Information Systems Agency – which, like the NSA, is headquartered at Fort Meade.17[585] A $710,893 offshoot contract between Microsoft and Joint Task Guantanamo (JTF￾GTMO) started the next year.[586] According to its website: “Joint Task Force Guantanamo is responsible for the safe, humane, legal care and custody of law of armed conflict detainees; collection and dissemination of intelligence...” 18 The Senate Intelligence Committee’s report on CIA torture was released less than three months after Microsoft’s contract began (and the contract would continue into September 2018). While details are scarce on the multi-vendor replacement for Amazon’s 2013 Commercial Cloud Ser￾vices (C2S) award,19 the Commercial Cloud Enterprise (C2E), the CIA confirmed that C2E was awarded on November 20, 2020 and it is widely reported that the five awardees were: Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Oracle, and IBM. (While the value of C2E is not confirmed, a March 2019 CIA industry day presentation had estimated “tens of billions”.[3]) A sustained bid protest from Microsoft similarly revealed that the National Security Agency has awarded AWS a $10 billion ceiling Top Secret / Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI) cloud computing contract codenamed WILDANDSTORMY. (The Request for Pro￾posals was issued in November 2020, AWS’s bid was $482 million vs. Microsoft’s $422.5 million, and, in April 2021, NSA reawarded WILDANDSTORMY to AWS.[674]) The NSA’s award of the $10 billion WILDANDSTORMY contract took place the day after the can￾cellation of the Pentagon’s unprecedented multi-billion dollar commercial cloud computing contract, Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI). Because of Amazon Web Services having won the $600M Com￾mercial Cloud Services (C2S) contract with the USIC in 2013 (which IBM protested), AWS had been widely assumed to be the recipient of the winner-take-all $10 billion ceiling JEDI contract. Roughly a year before JEDI’s initial – and somewhat surprising – award to Microsoft in late 2019, the Government Accountability Office denied a pre-award bid protest submitted by Oracle which both critiqued the single-vendor nature of JEDI and pointed to the conflict of interest arising from Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis’s Deputy Secretary of Staff, Tony DeMartino, having previously consulted for Amazon Web Services. Around the same time, the private intelligence firm RosettiStarr was privately sharing a dossier alleging that Jim Mattis’s former Senior Advisor, Sally Donnelly, had been paid $1 million to influence the Pentagon into selecting Amazon for JEDI. Both Oracle and Microsoft refused to comment on whether they had funded the RosettiStarr investigation. 17Both Amazon Web Services and the National Security Agency are listed as partners of the Fort Meade Alliance. 18Cf. The New York Time’s “What the CIA’s Torture Program Looked Like to the Tortured”.[676] 19Amazon had secretly won a piece of the Department of the Interior’s 2013 cloud contracts, whose combined ceilings were $10 billion. Despite the Interior contracts’ much larger combined ceiling, Amazon’s $600 million of Commercial Cloud Services prime contract with the U.S. Intelligence Community was far more widely reported.[13] The Interior Department recently issued a draft solicitation for a $1 billion single-vendor cloud contract.[17] 10

As was made clear in an August 2019 interview of Tony DeMartino by the Department of Defense’s Inspector General, DeMartino’s consulting work with Amazon was under Sally B. Donnelly at her previous firm, SBD Advisors. (Donnelly and DeMartino would later jointly found Pallas Advisors. 20) Donnelly “sold her holdings” in SBD Advisors in January 2017, and then the firm was acquired by C5 Capital in April 2018. C5 Capital’s CEO, Andr´e Pienaar, is married to former Amazon executive Teresa Carlson, who claims credit for the launch of AWS in Bahrain in 2019.21 As documented by Amazon, “In April of 2017, C5 became part of the AWS Partner Network...for one deal supporting the Bahrain Information and eGovernment Authority”, and AWS supported two of C5’s startup accelerator programs. Carlson’s further reported attendance of a dinner meeting with Mattis and Donnelly during the development of JEDI helped contribute to a corruption inquiry. 22 After the Pentagon initially awarded Microsoft the JEDI contract in November 2019, Amazon legally protested the award with allegations that Trump had asked Secretary Mattis to “screw” Amazon. The Pentagon would then reaward JEDI to Microsoft in September 2020, and Amazon quickly announced the continuation of its protest (but later urged the Supreme Court to reject the continuation of Oracle’s ongoing initial protest). In July of the next year, the Pentagon replaced JEDI with a multi-vendor alternative, the $9 billion ceiling Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability (JWCC), and in November the Pentagon picked Microsoft, AWS, Google, and Oracle to bid.23 (JWCC is expected to be awarded in December of this year.) JWCC is run out of the Defense Information System Agency (DISA) Hosting and Compute Center (HaCC), which also houses the Stratus hybrid cloud. As a result of delays in the award of JWCC, the previous major cloud effort, General Dynamics Information Technology’s milCloud 2.0, sunset into Stratus by the end of May 2022. Delays in JEDI had earlier led the Joint Artificial Intelligence Center (JAIC) to transition to the Air Force’s own cloud alternative, cloudONE. 24 cloudONE is run by legacy defense contract SAIC but has been described as “a one-stop-shop for acquiring secure cloud services from Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft, and Google—always preconfigured to meet exacting DOD security requirements.” 25 The Air Force’s first Chief Software Officer, Nicolas Chaillan, mocked the JAIC’s movement to cloudONE after delays in the JEDI award: “Two years later, they pretty much came back to us, you know, crying and saying, ‘Hey, we’re going to use Cloud One, because we can’t wait anymore.’..So that’s where JEDI probably for many programs cost a two-year delay, which is insane. I mean, the impact on the warfighter is just out of control.” In October 2021, Chaillan publicly resigned from the Air Force, where he led Platform One. 26 Chaillan’s resignation focused on his frustration with the Pentagon’s slow progress in software engineering relating to its artificial intelligence adoption – but rather than critiquing the series of obstructionist bid protests lodged by Microsoft, Amazon, and Oracle, he publicly blamed Google workers who had refused to contribute to the Pentagon’s AI drone warfare initiative, Project Maven. Despite Google Cloud’s withdrawal from JEDI, it is one of the five recipients of the CIA’s multi-billion dollar C2E contract, one of four companies invited to bid on JWCC, one of two recipients of the billion dollar Nimbus contract supporting the Israel Defense Forces, closely partnered with the State Department’s 20Sally Donnelly is also a member of the Board of Directors of the Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft. 21Google Cloud and Oracle have similarly partnered with the government of Saudi Arabia as part of launching cloud regions. 22Jim Mattis was also a Board Member of the infamously fraudulent biotech company Theranos. 23Federal News Network reported that JWCC’s system for tracking awards to each vendor is called AT-AT, which is short for Account Tracking and Automation Tool. As was the case with JEDI, the Pentagon frequently uses Star Wars references for its cloud computing program names.[684] 24cloudONE is largely credited to Will Roper, who has since left his position as Assistant Secretary of the Air Force to become CEO of the commercial drone company Volansi. 25The author recently received a copy of BAE Systems’ contract with the U.S. Army for a lethal unmanned tank – the Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV) – and a related slide deck which noted the usage of cloudONE. It would thus appear that Microsoft, Amazon, and Google are providing cloud computing support for weaponized unmanned tanks. 26As of July 19, 2022, Chaillan’s video explanation is still on the homepage of Platform One. 11

Foreign Affairs Network, and recently created a public sector subsidiary focused on defense that is tem￾porarily led by former U.S. Army Captain Will Grannis. Further, former Google CEO Eric Schmidt now runs the Kissinger-inspired Schmidt Special Competitive Studies Project through his innovation fund as a privatization of the National Security Commission on AI, which he previously chaired. Schmidt also pre￾viously chaired the Defense Innovation Board, is Chairman of the Board of In-Q-Tel investee SandboxAQ, and is a major backer of America’s Frontier Fund, which is led by the first CEO of In-Q-Tel. Lastly, the largest public government contract with any American tech giant in recent years is the U.S. Army’s $22 billion ceiling augmented reality goggles contract based on Microsoft’s HoloLens, the Integrated Visual Augmentation System (IVAS).27”[350] The report went on to state that “[Capability Set] 4 hardware discomfort still leads to headaches, nausea, pressure on the face, and neck strain.” As a result, the Department of Defense’s Inspector General released a report in April stating that “Procuring IVAS without attaining user acceptance could result in wasting up to $21.88 billion in taxpayer funds to field a system that Soldiers may not want to use”.[339] In June, the head of Microsoft’s HoloLens resigned over sexual harassment allegations and, in late July, the Senate Committee on Appropriations released an explanatory statement clarifying that $350 million had been cut from the $400 million IVAS production budget, but $50 million had been added for research and development.[4] 2.2 Procurement analysis Tech Inquiry’s contract monitoring efforts began as a means of informing Freedom of Information Act requests relating to the U.S. military’s financial relationships with technology companies. Over time, we expanded into monitoring the so-called Five Eyes, then the European Union, and then Israel.28 As one would expect from the U.S.’s high GDP, as well as from the high-profile reporting surrounding U.S. de￾fense and intelligence contracts with American cloud computing companies, U.S. government procurement records are the most important (and highest volume) component of our study.29 Despite popular misunderstanding, USASpending.gov is not a complete source of U.S. federal govern￾ment contracting summaries: for example, USASpending does not include Other Transaction Agreements such as Microsoft’s $22 billion ceiling Integrated Visual Augmentation System (IVAS) contract with the U.S. Army.[642] In an official response on the USASpending forums roughly two years ago, ostensible U.S. Treasury employee “AmandaC” explained: “[Other Transaction Agreements are] a type of non-contract, non-financial assistance vehicle which is not covered under the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act (FFATA). As such, it is not mandated to be pulled into USASpending under law. We currently do not pull in any OTA data into USA spending.gov [sic]” Contracts not covered by the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 (FFATA) are published each morning within the Atom Feed of the – otherwise now largely nonfunctioning – Federal Procurement Data System (fpds.gov). USASpending itself retrieves contracting data from fpds.gov (and, as a result, is roughly 24 hours behind). However, USASpending is the primary source for subcontracting 27According to the U.S. Army’s 2021 DOT&E report, the “IVAS includes a heads-up display (HUD), body-worn computer (puck), networked data radio, and three conformal batteries for each soldier.[350] As detailed in a leaked, Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) version of a January Annual Report from the Director of Operational Test & Evaluation of the U.S. Army, “IVAS-equipped units experienced movement delays, were not able to distinguish enemy from friendly forces, had limited situational awareness, and struggled to reliably engage the enemy. 28New Zealand’s public procurement data is far less structured – for example, there is no dedicated field for awarded companies – has a significantly lower volume, and is updated less frequently. The recent React rewrite of Tech Inquiry’s Influence Explorer UI has not yet reenabled New Zealand procurement, and we do not include it in the analysis in this document. 29Amazon Web Services’ 2015 contract with the Department of Energy is unique since 2013 in that it explicitly names the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[587] The award description states that the Department of Energy cloud computing award is part of AWS’s ($600M) 2013 Commercial Cloud Services (C2S) award with the CIA. (Since this study focuses on awards since 2018, both the C2S and DoE component are outside of our scope.) 12

data, which provides overviews of the business-to-business relationships between (“prime”) contractors and the subcontractors they paid to execute pieces of contracts. (Subcontracting data is often of significant interest.) Tech Inquiry therefore retrieves (prime) contract data from FPDS and subcontracting data from USASpending on a (quasi-)daily basis. The largest public contracts directly between the U.S. federal government and Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud initiated since 2018 are shown in tables 4, 8 and 11; the one exception is the inclusion of the projected amounts for the Department of Defense’s Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability contract.30 Due to the subtleties of nested contracts, we truncated to the list of sufficiently large awards so that each included contract could be explicitly listed with a corresponding citation. 30By “initiated since 2018”, we mean that the ultimate parent award’s initial signing date was at least January 1, 2018. 13

2.2.1 Microsoft Months after reports in 2003 of vulnerabilities in Microsoft’s web software leading to a hack of a Defense Department computer, the company surprised many observers by winning a $478 million contract with the U.S. Army which the Los Angeles Time described as Microsoft’s “biggest single order” yet. The order was through a largely forgotten company named Softmart – which was acquired by Connection in May 2016 – and the intermediated contract would form the template for Microsoft’s relationships with governments over the following decades. And while Microsoft would eventually become the number two provider of cloud computing (behind Amazon), such government licensing revenue gave Microsoft more than a decade head start and remains the bulk of its income from numerous governments. Microsoft was willing to go much further than simply selling its pre-written software to governments and formed a surveillance partnership directly with the New York Police Department (NYPD) in 2012. The “Domain Awareness System” was announced by Mayor Michael Bloomberg, the billionaire co-founder of finance and media company Bloomberg L.P. who would later run a failed presidential campaign and then chair the Defense Innovation Board. According to a 2017 publication on the Domain Awareness System authored by four NYPD employees: “the Washington D.C. Metro Police, the Singapore Police Force, and the Brazilian National Police have purchased the [Domain Awareness System] software from Microsoft, our software developer, and have used it to secure high-profile governmental and cultural sites, the 2014 World Cup, and the 2016 Summer Olympics. Microsoft has agreed to give New York City 30 percent of the revenue it derives from selling the software to other jurisdictions; these purchases have already generated over $1 million of additional revenue for the City.” The Domain Awareness System was not Microsoft’s only international police surveillance partnership: the year after its launch, Microsoft announced its CityNext “smart city” program, with Moscow, Russia and Zhengzhou, China as two of its initial “visionary cities” (as were Philadelphia, Manchester, Barcelona, Hamburg, and Buenos Aires). One of Microsoft’s CityNext partners, iOmniscient, differentiated its closed￾circuit television facial recognition product through “smell analytics” in a 2016 post on Microsoft’s industry blog.31 Unlike Amazon and Alphabet, Microsoft’s largest known U.S. federal contract is not for cloud comput￾ing, but from another direct partnership: a $22 billion ceiling augmented reality goggles project with the U.S. Army based upon its HoloLens technology (the Integrated Visual Augmentation System, or IVAS). While not listed in USASpending due to technicalities arising from the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act (FFATA) and it treatment of Other Transaction Agreements, the Federal Procurement Data System (FPDS) states that the contract was initially signed in March of 2021 and has so far obligated just $397 million of the $22 billion upper bound. After Congress froze $349 million in IVAS funding in March, in late July the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations released an explanatory statement on the 2023 Defense budget which decreased the President’s IVAS procurement budget from $400 million down to $50 million but increased the IVAS research and development budget from $46.6 million up to $96.6 million: “The fiscal year 2023 President’s budget request includes $46,637,000 in research, development, test and evaluation funding and $400,024,000 in procurement funding for the...[IVAS]...While the Committee was encouraged by the...Army’s 2021 decision to extend testing and evaluation for an additional 10 months, it notes that significant development challenges with IVAS 1.1 remain. Recent reports from the Director, Operational Test and Evaluation, and the Department of Defense Inspector General identified concerns with users’ physical impairments while using 31iOmniscient’s dedicated page on “sound & smell analytics” promises to “Detect gunshots, people shouting, glass breaking” and that its product “Can analyse complex smells from spray paint to sewage and gas leaks to smoke.” Gunshot detection is similarly sold by the controversial company ShotSpotter and Axon-partner Flock Safety. ShotSpotter acquiree CrimeCenter was powered by Microsoft Azure, and fellow acquiree Forensic Logic listed Microsoft as an “infrastructure partner”. 14

the system, as well as overall user acceptance rates. The Army has noted that IVAS 1.2 is expected to provide significant capability increases over previous versions. Therefore, the Committee recommends a reduction of $350,024,000 to the IVAS procurement request without prejudice. Further, the Committee recommends an increase of $50,000,000 to IVAS research, development, test and evaluation funding to further mature v1.2.” Along with the decrease in $300 million funding for IVAS, the budget increased funding for the predecessor Enhanced Night Vision Goggle-Binocular (ENVG-B) system produced by Elbit Systems and L3Harris. A recent bill report for the 2023 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) published by the Senate Armed Services Committee explained the thinking as follows: “The committee also notes that a recurring comment from soldiers and junior leaders at IVAS soldier touch points is that not all personnel in a close-combat formation should be equipped with IVAS and that equipping select soldiers with alternative night vision and situation awareness equipment could make the formations more combat effective. The committee believes the Army should experiment with mixed-equipping of close-combat formations in order to best inform its IVAS and night vision systems basis-of-issue, procurement decisions, and overarching night vision strategy. Therefore, the committee directs the Secretary of the Army to conduct experimentation on mixed-equipping within close combat formations of IVAS, Enhanced Night Vision Goggle-Binocular, and other elements of the Army night vision and situational awareness systems, and to pro￾vide a briefing to the congressional defense committees on findings and recommendations of the experimentation, not later than March 31, 2023.” As a result of this uncertainty, our current estimate for IVAS is an allocation of just $5 billion out of the $22 billion ceiling. The Assistant Secretary for Acquisition of the U.S. Army, Doug Bush, had noted in April that “Less than half of [the $22 billion] total is possible for the U.S. Army”, and that the full total included “all possible sales to sister services, Foreign Military Sales and all maximized service contracts”. (While we find it most likely that less than $5 billion will be spent, our estimate is balanced against the possibility of a recovery of the project. Last month an unknown percentage of the initial order of 5000 goggles was approved for delivery.) Our estimates for Microsoft’s percentage of the DoD’s JWCC and USIC’s C2E were equal to those of Amazon, and Microsoft’s largest identified other awards were for enterprise software contracts which were not clearly identified as relating to cloud computing. For example, neither Microsoft’s $1.79 billion ceiling Enterprise Software Initiative (ESI) award from the Navy nor its Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS) award from the Air Force are clearly centered on cloud computing.[603, 619] 32 Both contracts have at least a year remaining, and so we took their estimates as the midpoint between their obligations and ceilings. Out of our total $11.8 billion estimate for Microsoft’s post-2018 direct U.S. federal revenue (see tables 4 to 6), more than 98% came from contracts with military, intelligence, and law enforcement agencies. We emphasize the high volatility in our estimate: the Integrated Visual Augmentation System itself has a nominal contract ceiling of $21.9 billion, though the Assistant Secretary for Acquisition of the Army implied that the true ceiling is roughly $11 billion. Our forecast of $5 billion in Microsoft revenue from IVAS is a low confidence estimation resulting from the CUI DoD IG critique, the resignation of the lead of HoloLens, and IVAS’s slashed 2023 budget. The result is roughly 62% ($7.3 billion) of Microsoft’s estimated $11.8 billion in post-2018 direct U.S. federal revenue originating from prime awards which were not ostensibly focused on cloud computing. In a further divergence from Amazon, Table 7 estimates roughly $1.72 billion in revenue for Microsoft from intermediated contracts through, for example, Dell. 32The Advanced Battle Management System is the Air Force’s component of the DoD’s Joint All-Domain Command and Control effort, JADC2. In terms of actual obligations, Anduril Industries has been one of the largest recipients of ABMS funds.[601] 15

Date Buyer Ceiling Obligation Est. value Reference 2022-12* DoD $9B* N/A $2.25B JWCC[684] 2020-11-20 Intelligence Community $10B* N/A $2B C2E[14] 2018-08-01 State $244M $102M $173M 19AQMM18D0108[593] Table 4: (Projected) publicly disclosed U.S. prime awards to Microsoft Azure since 2018 with a ceilings of at least $2.5M. Our estimated total of these awards to Microsoft is $4.42 billion, of which roughly 96% was noted as involving either militaries or intelligence agencies. The U.S. Intelligence Community’s Commercial Cloud Enterprise (C2E) award was reported in Nov. 2020 as worth “tens of billions” over 15 years with AWS, Microsoft, Google, Oracle, and IBM as the performers. (We follow Bloomberg Government in the use of $10 billion as the conservative interpretation of “tens of billions”.) We also include the DoD’s upcoming $9 billion Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability (JWCC) award which will reportedly be restricted to members from AWS, Microsoft, Google, and Oracle. Date Buyer Ceiling Obligation Est. value Reference 2021-03-25 Army $22.0B $397M $5B W91CRB219P002[642] 2019-01-11 Navy $1.79B $262M $1.03B N6600119D0019[603] 2020-11-04 Air Force $950M $2K $475M FA861221D0096[619] 2018-11-20 Army $641M $499M $499M W91CRB1990001[661] 2019-09-26 Army $179M $149M $149M W15QKN1991033[605] 2018-09-26 Air Force $110M $109M $109M FA87261890002[660] 2018-09-21 SSA $87.9M $13.6M $13.6M 28321318D00060018[597] 2020-07-09 UNICOR $75.3M $5.74M $20M 15UC0C20D00001772[623] 2021-09-30 TSA $34.5M $6.90M $6.90M 70T03021C7667N002[652] 2020-07-31 Navy $15.0M $3.02M $3.02M M678542094654[620] 2018-06-28 Army $13.3M $13.3M $13.3M W91RUS18C0018[590] 2018-11-27 FAA $11.3M $11.2M $11.3M 692M1519A00001[595] 2018-08-21 Air Force $9.84M $9.34M $9.34M FA282318C8004[588] 2021-08-03 TSA $8.92M $3.12M $3.12M 70T02021C6100N001[651] 2018-08-15 Army $5.00M $1.00M $1.00M W15QKN1896002[591] Table 5: Publicly disclosed U.S. prime awards to Microsoft – which were not ostensibly focused on cloud computing – whose base award was signed since 2018 with a ceilings of at least $5M. Our estimated total of these awards is $7.34 billion, of which more than 99% were noted as relating to militaries or domestic security. Prime Prime Start Sub Start Buyer Obligation Est. value Reference ECS Federal 2018-09-28 2019-07-17 Army $19.2M $19.2M W911QX18C0037[589] ECS Federal 2020-02-10 2020-10-13 Army/OSD $12.4M $12.4M W911QX20C0019[615] GDIT 2020-09-25 2021-01-20 Army $2.58M $2.58M 47QFCA20F0049[625] Peraton 2020-06-10 2021-12-23 DHS $778K $778K 70RTAC20D00000002[622] Leidos 2019-03-01 2021-02-25 NASA $699K $699K 80NSSC19F0293[608] SAIC 2019-09-10 2020-03-25 Air Force $434K $434K FA872619F0096[602] Accenture 2022-03-01 2022-04-27 TSA $385K $385K 70T01022C7663N001[670] Accenture 2019-07-17 2021-05-28 Army $266K $266K W52P1J21C0025[640] Table 6: Publicly disclosed U.S. contracts where Microsoft had a subaward of at least $250K in a prime award beginning since 2018. The total of these subawards is $36.7M, of which roughly 98% are noted as relating to militaries or domestic security. 16

Table 7: Publicly disclosed intermediated U.S. awards for Microsoft products whose ultimate parent began since 2018 and have a ceiling of at least $5M. Awards with more than six months left on their contract estimated the eventual value as the average of the obligated and ceiling amounts, intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30% except for Dell and Peraton, which were estimated as 40%, and the awards to ECS and Procentrix, which were estimated at 50%. In the case of the NSTXL award, only $76M of the $100.6M of obligations directly named Microsoft; in both cases, both Microsoft and IBM were named, and so we give Microsoft half of the remainder after giving NSTXL 30% off the top of $76M. The total of these estimations is $1.72 billion, of which roughly 50% was noted as relating to militaries, law enforcement, or domestic security. Date Intermediary Buyer Ceiling Obligation Est. value Reference 2022-04-01 Dell Veterans Affairs $1.64B $419M $617M 36C10B22F0089[673] 2020-11-01 Dell Army/DISA $311.4M $311.4M $187M HC108421F0009[612] 2019-11-19 Dell Air Force $282.3M $282.3M $169M FA877120F0004[600] 2020-08-23 Procentrix SEC $227M $34.9M $65.5M 50310220F0160[626] Dell FAA $185M $175M $108M 692M1518A00002[594] 2021-10-29 Dell Army/DISA $174.2M $174.2M $105M HC108422F0028[632] 2020-09-10 NSTXL Navy/WHS $100.6M $100.6M $26.6M N00164209G009[621] 2020-09-27 Dell DISA/OSD $93.1M $93.1M $55.9M HC108420F0346[610] 2021-09-30 Peraton DHS $92.8M $13.4M $31.9M 70RTAC22FR0000064[655] 2021-05-06 Minburn Justice $85.9M $85.9M $60.1M 15JPSS21F00000429[656] 2021-03-27 Dell CBP $77.3M $52.4M $38.9M 70B04C21F00000286[643] 2021-03-27 Dell TSA $71.0M $45.9M $35.1M 70T03021F7667N013[648] 2021-11-04 Dell SSA $40.4M $40.4M $24.2M 28321322FA0010025[658] 2021-03-27 Dell ICE $34.0M $11.3M $6.8M 70CTD021FC0000031[644] 2022-07-01 Protege Health CIS $24.9M $4.5M $10.3M 70SBUR22C00000009[669] 2018-06-25 ECS FBI $21.8M $15.6M $7.8M 15F06718F0001469[592] 2019-05-01 Regan Technologies FERC $16.3M $11.1M $7.8M 89603019F0049[607] 2019-05-01 Regan Technologies NNSA $16.0M $12.6M $8.8M 89233119FNA000052[606] 2022-04-19 Dell FEMA $15.1M $15.1M $9.1M 70FA3022F00000188[665] 2022-04-21 Dell DHS $14.6M $14.6M $8.8M 70RTAC22FC0000015[666] 2021-12-01 Dell DISA/Army $14.2M $14.2M $8.5M HC108422F0044[634] 2021-06-24 Insight Navy $14.0M $14.0M $9.8M M6785421F4034[635] 2021-01-14 Dell DISA/Army $13.9M $13.9M $8.3M HC108421F0064[628] 2021-03-26 Dell CIS $12.5M $12.5M $7.5M 70SBUR21F00000090[647] 2022-05-31 Insight Education $12.5M $4.2M $5.8M 91990022F0332[662] 2022-03-24 Dell CIS $12.3M $12.3M $7.4M 70SBUR22F00000066[667] 2021-03-27 Dell DHS $11.6M $11.6M $7.0M 70RTAC21FC0000012[646] 2022-03-27 Dell ICE $11.5M $11.5M $6.9M 70CTD022FC0000005[664] 2021-06-25 Insight Navy $10.5M $10.5M $7.4M N0003921F1039[636] 2020-11-01 Dell DISA $10.3M $10.3M $6.2M HC108421F0020[614] 2020-11-01 Dell DISA $10.1M $10.1M $6.1M HC108421F0007[611] 2022-06-30 Dell HHS $9.9M $9.9M $5.9M 75P00122F80128[663] 2021-11-01 Dell Army $7.6M $7.6M $4.6M W52P1J22F0142[639] 2021-10-29 Dell DISA $7.5M $7.5M $4.5M HC108422F0030[633] 2021-05-25 KCI-Acuity ICE $7.1M $4.9M $4.2M 70CTD021FR0000099[653] 2021-06-04 Dell DISA/Army $6.4M $6.4M $3.8M HC108421F0160[630] 2021-09-29 Carahsoft Air Force $6.4M $1.0M $0.7M FA251821F0035[641] 2021-03-27 Dell DHS OIG $6.2M $3.4M $2.9M 70VT1521F00006[650] 2022-05-01 Minburn Justice $6.1M $6.1M $4.3M 15JPSS22F00000484[672] 2022-05-02 ECS FBI $5.9M $2.9M $2.2M 15F06722F0000706[671] 2019-07-01 Insight NARA $5.9M $5.5M $3.8M 88310319C00014[609] 2021-06-25 Insight Navy $5.8M $5.8M $4.1M N6426721F5078[638] 2021-06-16 Insight Navy $5.8M $5.8M $4.1M N0018921FZ495[637] Continued on next page 17

Table 7 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediary Buyer Ceiling Obligation Est. value Reference 2022-03-27 Dell Secret Service $5.6M $5.6M $3.3M 70US0922F1DHS0016[668] 2021-01-01 Dell DISA/DCMA $5.4M $5.4M $3.2M HC108421F0041[627] 2020-11-01 Dell Army/DISA $5.3M $5.3M $3.2M HC108421F0018[613] 2021-03-27 Dell Secret Service $5.3M $5.3M $3.2M 70US0921F1DHS0036[649] 2021-10-29 Dell DISA $5.2M $5.2M $3.1M HC108422F0001[631] 2021-01-28 Dell Army/DISA $5.1M $5.1M $3.1M HC108421F0077[629] 2021-05-28 Dell ICE $5.0M $2.2M $2.2M 70CTD021FC0000045[645] 18

2.2.2 Amazon On March 3rd of 2016, Barack Obama’s Secretary of Defense, Ash Carter, visited Amazon’s Seattle head￾quarters to sit down with CEO Jeff Bezos and the head of Amazon Web Services, Andy Jassy. Carter would later explain his visit by stating: “If we’re going to have the best military in the world...we need to strengthen our partnership with companies like Microsoft, Amazon, Boeing...I’m determined to do that...And the most important ingredient [for our military] is our wonderful people, but secondly, it’s technology” Four months later, it was widely reported that Jeff Bezos had – alongside celebrity astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson – joined Ash Carter’s Defense Innovation (Advisory) Board. Despite Amazon having itself published Bezos’s alleged membership on its own website in August of 2016, the Washington Post would later correct the record and cite an anonymous Pentagon official that the security clearance process and optics surrounding conflicts of interest had led to Bezos’s withdrawal. More than a year and a half later, more of the details behind Bezos’s complicated relationship with the Defense Innovation Board (DIB) would be jointly reported by ProPublica and Forbes. Carter’s formation of the DIB had been reported by the Washington Post as relating to the burial of an internal Pentagon study alleging $125 billion in administrative waste that had been produced by the related Defense Business Board (DBB) under the direction of Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert Work, who would later Vice-Chair the Schmidt-led National Security Commission on AI. And the whistleblower behind the ProPublica piece, Roma Laster, had shifted from the DIB to the DBB.33 When the Eric Schmidt-led National Security Commission on AI was formally established in August of 2018 by the yearly defense budget bill, one of its many tech executive commissioners was Andy Jassy, who had been leading Amazon Web Services for 15 years and officially serving as its CEO for two. (Three years later he would replace Jeff Bezos as CEO of the entire company.) Under Jassy’s leadership, Amazon Web Services had reportedly convinced much of the U.S. Intelligence Community of the value of commercial cloud computing after their 2013 win of the $600 million Commercial Cloud Services contract. Despite losing the JEDI contract to Microsoft twice – Microsoft Chief Science Officer Eric Horvitz was incidentally also a member of NSCAI – Amazon would win the entire $10 billion ceiling WILDANDSTORMY NSA contract in 2021 despite having a higher bid than Microsoft. By the time the NSCAI had published its more than 700 page final report in March of 2021 – which included calls for a $35 billion federal investment in “domestic microchip fabrication” and $40 billion “to expand and democratize federal AI research and development” – Jassy and Microsoft CSO Eric Horvitz would have been sitting members of the commission during: ˆ Both DoD JEDI awards to Microsoft, ˆ Both NSA WILDANDSTORMY awards to Amazon, and ˆ The USIC’s Commercial Cloud Enterprise (reported) award to both of their companies. (And the commission was chaired by one of the largest shareholders of Alphabet, which was reportedly also a C2E awardee.) Given that Amazon is the sole awardee of the $10 billion ceiling WILDANDSTORMY NSA contract, as well as one of the (reported) five recipients of the CIA-led C2E contract worth “tens of billions”, and one of the four active bidders on the DoD’s JWCC, our overall estimate of $10.2 billion of awards since 2018 might come across as overly conservative. However, our goal is accuracy and international contextualization rather than sensationalism. To this end, we have broken down the 10 cloud computing prime awards with a ceiling of at least $5 million (Table 8) and four cloud computing subawards with a transaction of at least 33The Executive Director of the DIB, Joshua Marcuse, publicly defended Eric Schmidt regarding conflicts of interests alleged by Roma Laster and was directly hired away by Google Cloud. 19

Date Buyer Ceiling Obligation Est. value Reference 2022-04-27 NSA $10B $482M $5.24B WILDANDSTORMY[674] 2022-12* DoD $9B* N/A $2.25B JWCC[684] 2020-11-20 Intelligence Community $10B* N/A $2B C2E[14] 2020-09-23 Air Force $950M $2.45K $475M FA861220D0065[618] 2018-10-05 GSA $240M $52.6M $146M 47QTCA19D000C[596] 2020-06-01 Air Force $35.0M $8.81M $8.81M FA002120D0001[617] 2019-11-01 Air Force $32.6M $11.2M $21.9M FA830720G0064[599] 2019-08-02 Air Force $11.5M $6.0M $6.0M FA86491999006[584] 2020-09-27 IRS $8.2M $3.7M $3.7M 2032H520P00125[624] 2019-11-01 Air Force $5.0M $0M $2.5M FA830720G0002[598] Table 8: (Projected) publicly disclosed U.S. (non-child) prime awards to Amazon Web Services which began since 2018 and have a ceiling of at least $5 million. Our estimated total of these awards to Amazon Web Services is $10.2 billion, of which more than 99.9% is noted as deriving from intelligence agencies or militaries. The U.S. Intelligence Community’s Commercial Cloud Enterprise (C2E) award was described in a March 2019 CIA industry day presentation as worth “tens of billions” over 15 years with AWS, Microsoft, Google, Oracle, and IBM as the performers. (We assume an even split of the contract among the five recipients and follow Bloomberg Government in the use of $10 billion as the conservative interpretation of “tens of billions”.) We also include the Department of Defense’s upcoming $9 billion Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability (JWCC) award which will reportedly be restricted to AWS, Microsoft, Google, and Oracle. We use the total obligations of completed contracts as their value (when they are public), split the difference with the ceiling when at least six months is left on the contract, and evenly divide ceilings among the participants when no obligations are available. $2.5 million (Table 9). In each case, we document the contract ceiling, the amount committed to be paid so far (or “obligated”), and what our estimate is for Amazon’s revenue from the contract. Out of this $10.2 billion estimate, roughly $9.5 billion came from just three defense and intelligence contracts: the NSA’s WILDANDSTORMY ($5.24 billion), DoD’s upcoming Joint Warfighting Cloud Ca￾pability ($2.25 billion), and the broader USIC’s Commercial Cloud Enterprise ($2 billion). Our estimate of $5.24 billion for the $10 billion ceiling WILDANDSTORMY contract is a result of taking the midpoint between said upper bound and Amazon’s $482 million which was made public through the Government Accountability Office’s summary of Microsoft’s bid protest.[674] The $2.25 billion and $2 billion estimates for JWCC and C2E are the results of dividing each award ceiling by the number of reported bidders ($9 billion split between four bidders, and $10 billion split between five bidders, respectively). All of the 14 (sub)awards were with an agency at least tied to U.S. defense, intelligence, or law en￾forcement, but even if we exclude Amazon’s obligations of $3.7M from the Internal Revenue Service and $4M from DHS’s Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency, more than 99.9% of our estimate of Amazon’s post-2018 U.S. federal revenue derives from intelligence, military, or law en￾forcement cloud contracts. The single award for Amazon Web Services which was intermediated by a specialized government contractor is shown in Table 10, and were estimated its worth to Amazon as $5.53 million. 20

Prime Prime Start Sub Start Buyer Obligation Reference ECS Federal 2020-02-10 2020-10-21 Army/OUSD $8.92M W911QX20C0019[615] ECS Federal 2018-09-28 2020-02-21 Army $7.05M W911QX18C0037[589] Accenture 2021-04-30 2021-06-15 CISA $4.00M 47QFRA21F0029[657] ECS Federal 2020-04-23 2020-09-01 Army/DISA $3.26M W911QX20C0023[616] Table 9: Publicly disclosed U.S. contracts whose parent award began since 2018 where Amazon Web Services had a subaward of at least $2.5M. The total of these subawards is $23.2M, roughly 83% of which was noted as deriving from the U.S. military. Date Intermediary Buyer Ceiling Obligation Est. value Reference 2021-05-01 Four Points SSA $23.7M $23.7M $5.53M 28321321FA0010133[659] Table 10: Publicly disclosed intermediated U.S. awards for Amazon Web Services whose ultimate parent began since 2018 and have a ceiling of at least $5M. The intermediary overhead rate of the single Four Points SSA award was assumed at 30%, and AWS was assumed to receive an equal share as one of the three named cloud vendors (alongside Google and Microsoft). 21

2.2.3 Alphabet Roughly one week before the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, The Washington Post provided a brief history of the U.S. Intelligence Community’s internal information sharing platform, Intelink.[675, 7] after a former Air Force Master Sergeant was arrested for allegedly attempting to sell information from Intelink to Libya. Intelink had been set up by then-CIA Director James Woolsey in response to troubles with fragmented information sharing systems during the Persian Gulf War,34 and The Washington Post painted the following picture of its capabilities in 2001: “Today, an authorized user could call up a map of Europe, place a cursor on Macedonia and put in queries about military force levels or weapons proliferation. Instantly, the user would get back communications intercepts supplied by the NSA, troop numbers from the DIA and on-scene commanders, and reports on proliferation from the CIA.” Intelink rapidly expanded over the next year in response to demands for increased inter-agency information sharing after the September 11th attacks. In August of 2002, the “director of knowledge management” within the Intelligence Community’s CIO Office, Stephen Selwyn, critiqued the quality of Intelink’s search results on top of the (then) 2.4 million internal webpages: “Searching Intelink is like shooting craps”. The director of the Intelink Management Office, John Brantley, would counter that analysts were shooting craps “with loaded dice”.35 By the end of 2003, Government Computer News had Brantley on record that the Intelink Management Office (IMO) had purchased two separate Google Search Appliances: one for its secret networks and one for top-secret.[9] The same purchases would be reported five months later by The Sarasota-Herald Tribune, which was then owned by The New York Times.36 And then in 2010, Pulitzer-winning freelance journalist Russell Carollo obtained a copy of an NSA contract dated August, 4 2003 which procured a “Search Appliance GB-8008” from Google for $2.08 million.[2] 3738 Carollo’s FOIA results would become a prominent part of a 2011 report from the Inside Google project of the nonprofit Consumer Watchdog entitled Lost in the Cloud: Google and the US Government. The report would – through another FOIA request from Carollo – also reveal details from Google’s relationship with NASA. Consumer Watchdog had previously reported the FBI’s $321,000 contract with “public sector growth” company DLT Solutions in May 2010 for “Google Earth Fusion Pro” – a reference to the company’s famous interactive view of the earth built from commercial satellite imagery.[1] 39 Google Earth’s utility to the U.S. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) was explained by one of their spokespersons in a 2008 report from MarketWatch: “The advantage of being able to use that imagery is it’s unclassified; we can take it and give it to 34James Woolsey resigned as CIA Director after just two years in the position at the end of 1994 and would later publicly state that Edward Snowden should be “hanged by the neck until he’s dead, rather than merely electrocuted” as punishment for the trove of internal U.S. Intelligence Community documents that he leaked to journalists. 35Intelink Management Office Director John Brantley published a slide deck overview of Intelink the same month.[6] 36The Herald Tribune’s story also detailed the Google Search Appliance reseller IntraWerks Inc., which was run by Peter Pawlus. According to Pawlus’s LinkedIn, IntraWerks operated from May 2002 to January 2005, when it was acquired by Google. Pawlus then ostensibly worked as an “Enterprise Product Evangelist & Sales Executive” at Google until October 2007. 37The author found of copy of Russell Carollo’s FOIA requests – and corresponding responsive documents – in a May 2014 Pando article entitled Emails showing Google’s closeness with the NSA Director really aren’t that surprising. 38According to a May 2002 report from CNET, Google’s GB-8008 was a “freestanding device” that held eight of the standard GB-1001 units and started at $250,000.[11] 39It would later be reported by The Washington Post that Carollo had worked in 2016 as a public records consultant for Fusion GPS, the company behind the infamous dossier on Donald Trump created by former MI6 officer Christopher Steele. Carollo similarly filed freedom of information requests for Fusion GPS, but this time in support of an unnamed client’s interest in a Chinese company’s $1.2 billion Beverly Hills hotel and condo project. As part of the campaign against the real estate project, Carollo contributed a quote to the local newspaper which resulted in the headline “Pulitzer Prize-winning Journalist Petitions Court For Public Information On Mayor’s Domestic Disputes With Ex-Wife.” The former mayor subsequently described Fusion’s work as “dirty politics and misinformation”. 22

a coalition partner and talk about what we see...We’re not only interested, we’re the government agency that developed Google’s technology and spun it off into the private sector” The NGA spokesperson was referring to the venture capital arm of the U.S. Intelligence Community, In￾Q-Tel, having invested on behalf of the NGA (under its original name) in a company named Keyhole in February 2003.40 Google acquired Keyhole in October of 2004 and transformed Keyhole’s product into Google Earth; In-Q-Tel’s lead investor into Keyhole, Rob Painter – according to his LinkedIn – became Chief Technologist of Google Federal in June 2005.4142 Despite Painter’s optimistic statements about Google Federal’s growth to journalists between 2007 and 2008, 43 a MarketWatch report from February 2009 cited a significant decline in Google’s public U.S. federal sales since 2006: “data available from the Office of Management and Budget’s site, Usaspending.gov, show Google’s contracts with U.S. federal agencies have declined from $413,960 in 2006 to $81,046 in 2008...Mi￾crosoft Corp., [on the other hand], has seen the value of its federal-government contracts grow from $59.5 million in 2006 to $63.2 million in 2008, according to Usaspending.gov.” By June of 2009, Painter had left Google to found the national security investment firm Razor’s Edge and become an executive in Razor’s Edge investee Blackbird Technologies (which was purchased by Raytheon in November 2014 for $420 million).44 According to Painter’s bio for his award from Ohio University, while at Raytheon he “crafted and managed several classified, special access programs supporting both technology development and foreign and domestic intelligence operations for Intelligence Community and Department of Defense partners.” (In recent history, the NGA appears to be procuring Google Maps through Thermopylae Science & Technology, a subsidiary of Swedish IT company Hexagon.) Alphabet’s investment in satellite surveillance technology would expand throughout the 2010’s, albeit with more complicated financial relationships. In June of 2014, Google paid $500 million to acquire Skybox Imaging, a sub-meter resolution satellite imaging company. But less than three years later, Google had renamed Skybox Imaging as Terra Bella and sold the company to its satellite imagery competitor, Planet Labs. (Google became an investor in Planet Labs as part of the deal.) During the time period between Google’s acquisition of Terra Bella and partnership with Planet, the renamed Google Ventures (GV): ˆ Led the Series B investment round for Orbital Insight, a “geospatial big data company” founded by the former Engineering Director of Google Books, and ˆ Invested in the Series A of MapD, a GPU-powered “common operational picture” company which later renamed to OmniSci and then to HEAVY.AI. Eric Schmidt’s venture capital firm Innovation Endeavors was years ahead of Google itself and had invested in Planet Labs as early as 2013 as part of its Series A. In-Q-Tel’s investments mirrored those of Alphabet 40The NGA was previously known as the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) from its founding on Oct. 1, 1996 until Nov. 24, 2003. In-Q-Tel’s investment in Keyhole took place before NIMA renamed to the NGA. 41The CEO of Keyhole, John Hanke, became the head of Google’s Geo division and later founded Niantic, the company that made Pokemon Go. Beyond an investment from a firm run by the first CEO of In-Q-Tel, Gilman Louie, Niantic announced the hiring of disinformation researcher Camille Francois from her previous role at Graphika in November of 2021. In December of 2017 The Syria Campaign published a report based on Graphika’s work entitled: Killing the Truth: How Russia is fueling a disinformation campaign to cover up war crimes in Syria. 42Google acquired at least two In-Q-Tel investees beyond Keyhole: Appurify (in 2014) and Apigee (in 2016). And Alphabet’s quantum computing spin-out, SandboxAQ, announced In-Q-Tel as an investor in May. 43Nearly three years and seventh months had passed between Google’s August 4, 2003 Search Appliance contract with the NSA and The Washington Post’s 2007 report quoting Rob Painter. Given the anonymous Google officials’ claim that Google had started selling to the U.S. government roughly three years prior, Google’s 2003 Search Appliance sales to the NSA would appear to be one of the company’s first contracts with the U.S. government. 44According to a July 2017 publication from Wikileaks as part of its Vault 7 disclosures, between November 2014 and September 2015 Raytheon Blackbird had submitted documents to the CIA on its “UMBRAGE Component Library”. Wikileaks described the documents as “Proof-of-Concept ideas and assessments for malware attack vectors”. 23

and Schmidt: In-Q-Tel invested in Orbital Insight in August 2015, in MapD’s Series A in 2016, and in OpenGeo in July 2013 – which would rename to Boundless Spatial before being acquired by Planet Labs in 2018 (with some complication).45 Google’s work with the U.S. national security community became a sustained component of front-page news in 2018 through a series of work stoppages and protests over the company’s work on military cloud computing and drone surveillance (as part of the Pentagon’s Algorithmic Warfare Cross-Functional Team, which was more commonly known as Project Maven).[340] Reported emails from Google’s head lawyer, Kent Walker, would later claim that the company had – in response to worker protests – transitioned from developing custom drone AI surveillance into selling the DoD “off-the-shelf Google Cloud Platform (basic compute service, rather than Cloud AI or other Cloud Services)”. And Google dropped out of bidding on the Pentagon’s (now cancelled) $10 billion JEDI cloud contract in October 2018. At the time of Google’s decision to damp its support for Project Maven, the Pentagon had feared a domino effect of other U.S. tech companies refusing to build custom software for warfare. Rather than, say, mitigating the U.S. military’s human rights abuses by ending support for the Saudi- and UAE-led war in Yemen, the Executive Director of the Schmidt-led Defense Innovation Board, Joshua Marcuse, led the development of a set of technical principles for the Department of Defense’s AI development. (Marcuse was later directly hired from the Defense Innovation Board into Google Cloud’s public sector division in March 2020.) The billionaire Michael Bloomberg was one of the first to chastise Google for its decision not to build custom drone warfare technology, and in June of this year he was sworn in as Chair of the Defense Innovation Board.46 The next year, billionaire Peter Thiel would go further by calling for the FBI and CIA to investigate Google for its “seemingly treasonous” decision on Maven. While serving as Director of the the U.S. government’s Defense Digital Services, Chris Lynch, criticized tech workers who did not want to build weapons systems for not “show[ing] up at the table”; three months later Lynch would found the for-profit AI defense contractor Rebellion Defense, which advertises Eric Schmidt as both an investor and board member. 47 A previous analysis conducted by the author on the Project Maven subawards under ECS Federal led to reporting on both the central roles of Microsoft and Amazon and the numerous Google- and Schmidt￾backed startups (including Rebellion Defense, Orbital Insight, and Clarifai). While the fact that Project Maven extended beyond Google was previously reported, the author was arguably the first to provide a detailed breakdown of the subcontractors and their work based upon analysis of public records. Beyond the widely reported drone surveillance component, Project Maven included similar computer vision for satellite imagery, as well as surveillance of “Publicly Available Information”, the deployment of facial recognition, and custom software for analyzing Synthetic Aperture Radar. Google itself reportedly accepted part of the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Commercial Cloud En￾terprise (C2E) contract in November 2020 which was earlier estimated by the CIA to be worth “tens of billions” of dollars. (To the best of the author’s knowledge, there are no reported protests from workers at any of the five companies which are reportedly performing on C2E: Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Oracle, and IBM.) And in November of 2021, Google Cloud’s CEO officially announced that the company “proudly serve[s] the US military” and would “proudly work with the DoD” on their replacement for JEDI, the Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability. And in June of this year, Google Cloud announced the spin-off of a federal division to be led by former U.S. Army Captain Will Grannis. (Alphabet’s AI and quantum computing focused spin-out chaired by Eric Schmidt, SandboxAQ, similarly announced an investment from In-Q-Tel in May.)48 Our estimations of Google Cloud’s income from the combination of its public contracts, its reported 45According to In-Q-Tel’s most recent public tax filing, OmniSci (now HEAVY.AI) was its single largest independent contractor in Fiscal Year 2020 (receiving $4.25M from In-Q-Tel in the twelve months ending March 31, 2021). 46Michael Bloomberg had in 2012 helped shepherd the surveillance partnership between Microsoft and the New York Police Department known as the Domain Awareness System. 47Rebellion Defense was reportedly valued at a billion dollars as of September 2021. 48And cybersecurity company Mandiant’s March announcement of its intent to be acquired by Google has been potentially stalled by a shareholder lawsuit. 24

Date Buyer Ceiling Obligation Est. value Reference 2022-12* DoD $9B* N/A $2.25B JWCC[684] 2020-11-20 Intelligence Community $10B* N/A $2B C2E[14] 2019-12-19 Air Force $1.9M $1.9M $1.9M FA87262090001[604] Table 11: (Projected) publicly disclosed U.S. prime awards to Google Cloud since 2018 with a ceilings of at least $1.5M. Our estimated total of these awards to Google is $4.25B, 100% of which originate from militaries or intelligence agencies. The U.S. Intelligence Community’s Commercial Cloud Enterprise (C2E) award was reported in Nov. 2020 as worth “tens of billions” over 15 years with AWS, Microsoft, Google, Oracle, and IBM as the performers. (We follow Bloomberg Government in the use of $10B as the conservative interpretation of “tens of billions”.) We also include the DoD’s upcoming $9B Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability (JWCC) award which will reportedly be restricted to members from AWS, Microsoft, Google, and Oracle. Date Intermediary Buyer Ceiling Obligation Est. value Reference 2021-05-01 Four Points SSA $23.7M $23.7M $5.53M 28321321FA0010133[659] 2022-06-30 Daston GSA $13.3M $1.49M $5.18M 47HAA022F0129[?] 2021-09-16 Arch Systems DHS S&T $3.4M $1.2M $0.84M 70RSAT21FR0000112[654] Table 12: Publicly disclosed intermediated U.S. awards for Google Cloud whose ultimate parent began since 2018 which have a ceiling of at least $2.5M. Awards with more than six months left on their contract estimated the eventual value as the average of the obligated and ceiling amounts, intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is $11.6 million. C2E award, and its current bid for the multi-vendor JWCC are shown in Table 11. Outside of the DoD’s JWCC and the USIC’s C2E, Alphabet only has a single public contract with the U.S. federal government since 2018 which has a ceiling of at least $1.5 million. Further, Table 12 shows that there are only three intermediated U.S. federal contracts since 2018 whose ceiling was at least $2.5 million and whose procurement descriptions made clear that the focus was procurement of Google Cloud. The result is that virtually 100% of Alphabet’s estimated post-2018 revenue from the U.S. federal government ($4.25 billion) comes from the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Commercial Cloud Enterprise and its assumed share of the Department of Defense’s Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability. An additional estimation of $6.4 million comes from awards intermediated by Four Points and Arch Systems. Given Alphabet’s relatively small amount of public contracting relative to Amazon and Microsoft, it would be reasonable to assume that Alphabet similarly received a smaller portion of C2E – and will receive a smaller portion of JWCC – than Amazon and Microsoft. Nevertheless, for the sake of a keeping our methodology simple we have assumed equal distributions of awards in every case where we do not have citable evidence to the contrary. 2.2.4 Comparison between procurement and federal taxes Relative to estimating income from U.S. federal contracting, it is straightforward to measure the U.S. federal tax withholdings of Alphabet, Microsoft and Amazon. While we cannot cover the exact same time periods, we can compare the companies’ withholdings as reported to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for the five fiscal years from 2017 to 2021 with our estimation of their (front-loaded) contract revenue from 2018 through (most of) 2022. As shown in Table 13, Alphabet’s withholdings from 2017 through 2021 were $35.3 billion, versus $23.6 billion for Microsoft and $5.14 billion for Amazon. When compared with the 2018 to present U.S. federal contract revenue estimates, we see that Alphabet is withholding more than eight times as much in taxes as we estimate it receiving from the U.S. federal government ($35.3 billion 25

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total Alphabet $12.8B $3.20B $2.27B $5.81B $11.2B $35.3B Microsoft $2.185B $15.47B -$929M $3.595B $3.31B $23.6B Amazon -$339M $436M $1.076B $1.684B $2.284B $5.14B Table 13: Amazon, Microsoft, and Alphabet’s U.S. federal tax withholdings (current plus deferred) from 2017 to 2021, as reported in their annual reports to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (Form 10- Ks). Microsoft’s amounts were sourced from their FY2019 and FY2021 filings (with fiscal years ending June 30),[678, 681] Amazon’s from their FY2019 and FY2021 filings (with fiscal years ending Dec. 31),[680, 683] and Alphabet’s from their FY2019 and FY2021 filings (with fiscal years ending Dec. 31).[679, 682] Because Alphabet reported its combined U.S. federal and state and local taxes, we compensated by subtracting out their reported percentage of state and local taxes. vs. $4.25 billion), Microsoft is withholding roughly 75% more ($23.6 billion vs. $13.5 billion), and Amazon roughly half as much ($5.14 billion vs. $10.2 billion). Thus, according to our estimates, Amazon is the only company that we estimate to be receiving more from the U.S. federal government in taxes than what it reported in withholdings – and the margin is roughly $5 billion.49 49The passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) led to significant temporary increases in tax withholdings for many businesses in 2017 and 2018. Our earlier analysis attributed $10.5 billion in one-time TCJA charges for Alphabet and $13.9 billion for Microsoft; we attributed $946 million in one-time TCJA benefits to Amazon. If we had removed one-time TCJA impacts from all three companies’ withholdings, we would estimate Alphabet as withholding nearly six times as much as its frontloaded revenue ($24.8 billion vs. $4.25 billion), Microsoft withholding roughly 72% as much ($9.7 billion vs. $13.5 billion), and Amazon withholding roughly 60% as much ($6.1 billion vs. $10.2 billion). 26

3 European Union and European Free Trade Association Despite the European Union’s economy being a large fraction of that of the United States (see Figure 3), one of the most surprising findings of our analysis is that its public government procurement from Amazon and Alphabet is, as a whole, less than that of the much smaller economies of the UK and Israel. (Microsoft’s government procurement tracks more closely with GDP and we caution that the government procurement market is typically much smaller than the private sector market. And recent reporting from Reuters lists Germany as “Amazon’s second-biggest market after the United States”.) National security concerns have been intimately tied into government cloud computing procurement since at least the Snowden revelations, which unveiled the National Security Agency’s spying on both then German Chancellor Angela Merkel and (ostensibly) on GMail, Google Maps, and Google Docs usage in Google Cloud’s internal networks.50 (See Figure 4 for the infamous “SSL Added and removed here! [smiley face]” slide.) A combination of fears of U.S. government surveillance and concern for the anti-competitive practices of Amazon, Microsoft, and Google have led to widespread international adoption of “sovereign cloud” initiatives, which – in their typical form – involve a large domestic telecom or technology company intermediating between the local government and American technology infrastructure (often through a joint venture). 3.1 Scaleway and GAIA-X Roughly one year ago, French cloud provider Scaleway hosted a panel entitled “Demystifying Euro￾pean Digital Sovereignty” alongside Microsoft’s “Top Lawyer in Europe”, Jeff Bullwinkel.51 Tensions were apparent, and Mr. Bullwinkel explicitly defended Microsoft’s access to European markets: “digital sovereignty shouldn’t be about shielding Europeans from technology outside of Europe...and should be based upon...competitive and open markets”. By contrast, Scaleway’s CEO, Yann Lechelle, emphasized the need for Europe to create its own digital giants to become a true peer of the United States and China: “[Europe is] highly regulated and, at the same time, extremely liberal. So, while we let other players – say, from the U.S. – take on the bulk of the market share, we also create barriers of entry to allow smaller players to emerge and take over or become an AWS equivalent...To me, multilateralism at the geopolitical level involves the creation of massive players on every continent”. While not a household name in the United States, Scaleway was founded in 1999 by French billionaire Xavier Niel (originally under the name ‘Online’) and is a subsidiary of French telecommunications provider Iliad, of which Niel is the majority owner. Just as Jeff Bezos bought the Washington Post and Pierre Omidyar founded The Intercept in 2013 – and Marc Benioff purchased TIME magazine in 2018 – Niel became a co-owner of French center-left newspaper Le Monde in 2010. Scaleway had in 2020 helped found Europe’s primary effort to remain digitally independent in the face of the dominant market power of American tech giants: GAIA-X. Despite protests from Lechelle, GAIA had in April of 2021 admitted as members the very organizations they hoped to counter: American cloud giants Amazon, Microsoft, and Google, as well as American data fusion company Palantir and the Chinese networking equipment provider Huawei. (See Figure 5 for an overview of how the market caps of American, European, and Chinese members of GAIA-X compare – reported values for Scaleway’s revenue suggest a relatively negligible valuation.) By October, Lechelle was on record in a POLITICO piece on how said companies had infiltrated the organization: “First, they knock on the door, then they take a step in the door...Very quickly it became clear that these guys were dominant in the technical groups”. And then in November, Scaleway’s CEO publicly 50According to reporting from Reuters, “the NSA used Danish information cables to spy on senior officials in Sweden, Norway, France and Germany, including former German Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier and former German opposition leader Peer Steinbruck”. 51At the time, Mr. Bullwinkel’s title was listed as “Assistant General Counsel and Director of Legal and Corporate Affairs for Asia Pacific & Japan for Microsoft”. Clearly he was well within the process of transitioning his area of responsibility into Europe. 27

Figure 4: A slide from a National Security Agency Special Source Operations presentation entitled “Google Cloud Exploitation” published by The Washington Post in October 2013. The implication was that the NSA was surveilling Google Cloud content – including usage of GMail, Google Docs, and Google Maps – by tapping Google’s unencrypted internal data flows. Google’s then Executive Chairman, Eric Schmidt, publicly denounced the NSA’s ostensible spying on Google and, the next year, Google announced an increase in its internal deployment of encryption. 28

MSFT GOOGL AMZN TCEHY MA SMSN BABA ORCL CSCO ACN CRM HWEI* INTC IBM SAP DTEGY SIE EADSY DSY VMW SNOW SAF VOD DELL CAP NOK ORAN THLLY FJTSY ERIC PLTR NIPNF LDO OVH ATO SCALE* 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 (Estimated) Market Caps of GAIA-X Members (Trillion USD) Figure 5: Market capitalizations of a large selection of the members of the GAIA-X European sovereign cloud initiative. American companies are colored blue, Chinese companies red, European companies green, and all other companies black. Market capitalizations are as of August 20, 2022 – except for Huawei and Scaleway, whose market capitalizations were approximated. (a) Scaleway CEO Yann Lechelle. (b) Microsoft Associate General Counsel Jeff Bullwinkel. Figure 6: Both Scaleway CEO Yann Lechelle and Microsoft Associate General Counsel Jeff Bullwinkel were participants in a July 12, 2021 panel entitled “Demystifying European Digital Sovereignty”. Scaleway was a founding French member of the European digital sovereignty association GAIA-X, while Microsoft joined with a nominal Belgian affiliation. 29

Figure 7: The cloud vendors used by the companies represented on the new board of GAIA-X, as reported in a spreadsheet published by Scaleway CEO Yann Lechelle. withdrew his company from GAIA-X and published an overview of the “broken promises” of the effort. One of Lechelle’s major complaints was that the European cloud providers had, with the sole exception of the larger French cloud provider OVH, no representation in GAIA-X’s new board. And that the new board was instead dominated by a collection of trade associations representing American tech giants (e.g., CISPE, DigitalEurope, and Bitkom) as well as “vertical industry players in Germany (BMW, Volkswagen, Deutsche Bank, etc.) using mostly non-European cloud”. Lechelle and Scaleway underscored the ties between GAIA-X’s new board and American tech giants by publishing a spreadsheet detailing the cloud vendors used by each member, which we demonstrate in Figure 7. Beyond the influence Amazon et al. wielded as the cloud suppliers of the GAIA board members, Lechelle elaborated that “tech diplomats” had “flooded...proposals and comments that...the European collective could not possibly cope with”. The combination had proven too much for his company to continue supporting the consortia, and so Scaleway would instead contribute to a strictly European alternative to GAIA-X, EUCLIDIA. The politics surrounding GAIA-X complicated significantly in April of this year after the EU’s antitrust chief, Margrethe Vestager, downplayed an antitrust claim submitted against Microsoft by two European cloud providers – Germany’s NextCloud and France’s OVH, who are both members of GAIA-X52 – on the grounds that GAIA-X had enabled competition: “I basically see it as pro-competitive when you have 52OVH was even a Founding Member of GAIA-X. And its roll as a champion of EU-based cloud computing capability is complicated by continuing scrutiny for the massive fire which destroyed OVH’s Strasbourg data center in March 2021 – roughly one month before GAIA-X admitted in the American tech giants. 30

Figure 8: Represented nations in Europe’s GAIA-X sovereign cloud initiative. The founding members, France and Germany, are shaded more darkly, and the smaller nations of Qatar and Singapore are articu￾lated. someone to show potential customers that there are more than two giants where you can place your busi￾ness”. The next month, Microsoft publicly committed to updating its approach to licensing in response to European antitrust concerns.53 Microsoft’s entry into GAIA-X through a nominal Belgian affiliation was far from an anomaly: GAIA￾X has 20 U.S. members, and 65% used nominal European affiliations (and Ernst & Young used Japan). By contrast, there are five Chinese members, but Huawei was the only one to use a nominal European affiliation (i.e., Germany); Alibaba used Singapore. Other formally represented non-European nations include India, Qatar, and South Korea, and the full list is depicted in Fig. 8. Likewise, breakdowns of the nominally represented countries of the 20 U.S. members and five Chinese members are provided in Figure 9. Ireland is perhaps the most extreme case of U.S. corporate infiltration of GAIA-X: only two of the six representatives from Ireland are actually Irish – Ernieapp and Circulor. These companies are dramatically smaller than each of the four tech giants which joined GAIA-X through nominal Irish affiliation: Google, Accenture, VMware, and Seagate. The LinkedIn profiles of Ernieapp and Circulor list 13 and 71 ostensible employees, respectively, whereas Google’s alone links to hundreds of thousands.5455 Further, ErnieApp’s CEO, Isabella De Michelis, was previously an executive at American companies Qualcomm and Cisco. Cisco itself joined GAIA-X through Belgium – as did Microsoft, IBM, Dell, and Mastercard. Whereas Intel, HPE, and Equinix joined through Germany and Amazon joined through Luxembourg. Out of the 20 U.S. members, only six joined with their domestic affiliations: Salesforce, Oracle, Palantir, Snowflake, AMD, and cybersecurity company Resecurity. At the same time Scaleway’s relationship with GAIA-X was degrading, the American cloud companies were making deals with established “industry players” who would intermediate American cloud services 53As we show in the next subsection, the bulk of public European Union and European Free Trade Association spending with Microsoft, Amazon, and Alphabet is for licenses for Microsoft products purchased through intermediaries. 54Circulor’s about page asserts that they have a “global team of 55”. 55Alphabet Inc.’s 2021 Form 10-K claimed the company had 156,500 employees as of December 31, 2021. In the past, the company has been reported to have roughly as many contractors as full-time employees, and so we might expect Alphabet to have roughly 300 thousand total workers. 31

U.S. Belgium Ireland Germany Luxembourg Japan 0 2 4 6 6 5 4 3 1 1 Nominal Country of Origin Number of U.S. Corporate Members (a) U.S. China Germany Singapore 0 1 2 3 3 1 1 Nominal Country of Origin Number of Chinese Corporate Members (b) China Figure 9: The number of GAIA-X corporate members originating from the U.S. (top) or China (bottom) per nominal country affiliation. 32

with the French government rather than developing their own. In May of 2021, Microsoft and French members Capgemini and Orange announced a joint venture named Bleu to create a “Cloud de Confiance” for France.56 In August and October of the same year, Google would respectively partner with Deutsche Telekom to provide a sovereign cloud in Germany and with Thales to provide a “trusted cloud” in France. Both of Google’s partners were members of GAIA-X, and Lechelle would resign from the effort a month after the deal with Thales.57 Despite American tech giants infiltrating GAIA-X, as explained by Lechelle himself in his conversation with Microsoft, there were no giant EU government cloud computing awards for American companies to dominate: “...in the U.S. we hear about this JEDI contract which is worth gigantic amounts of money and is being challenged as we speak. So, these things will create giants, or reinforce giants, and we do not have such a thing.” Perhaps the closest is Italy’s plan for a national cloud hub, which was initially estimated at $1 billion but now involves competing $2.8 billion bids between two consortia: one led by former Italian phone monopoly Gruppo TIM which has included defense contractor Leonardo (which planned to intermediate cloud services from Amazon, Microsoft, and Google), and another led by the Fastweb subsidiary of Italian government-owned Swisscom and the Italian cloud provider Aruba. Bloomberg reported last year that the Italian government was leaning towards TIM because it wanted “to keep public administration data out of foreign hands”. (TIM, Leonardo, Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Fastweb, and Aruba are all members of GAIA-X.) Beyond Google partnering with TIM for its new cloud region in Milan, former Google executive Carlo d’Asaro Biondo was announced as the CEO of TIM subsidiary Noovle in January 2021, which is itself a Google partner. In October of 2021, Oracle partnered with Noovle to provide sovereign cloud services to the Italian government. Six months prior, TIM Brasil had selected Oracle and Microsoft “to migrate all of its on-premises workloads to the cloud”. Similar relationships exist in Spain through Microsoft, Google, and Oracle’s partnership with Spanish telecom Telef´onica and Google’s sovereign cloud collaboration with Minsait, a subsidiary of Spanish defense and IT company Indra Sistemas. And Finnish IT company Tietoevry partnered with Amazon, Microsoft, Google, and VMware to provide a “sovereign data backbone of the Nordics”. 3.2 Procurement analysis “Due to the Covid 19 pandemic with its unforeseen and strong growth in the need for e.g. licenses for Office 365 licenses suitable for home work together with a sharp increase in the need for the use of cloud-based services and in addition an unusually large price increase from Microsoft, the maximum value of the framework agreement has been exceeded.” Part of the description of an April 2022 contract between Microsoft reseller Crayon and the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) which was raised from 100 million to 160 million NOK (roughly from 10.2 to 16.3 million EUR). “The procurement’s size is very difficult to set, as we will have a large increase in consumption through Azure and other cloud services in future years. The total cost in 2019 was approx. NOK 4 350 000 a year for Microsoft licences and NOK 400 000 on Azure consumption.” Part of the description of a December 2020 contract between Microsoft reseller Crayon and the Norwegian Environment Agency for 30 million NOK. 56While Bleu appears to not yet have a public website, a June press release promised that the joint venture would begin operating by the end of 2022. 57Amazon Web Services had also announced a partnership with Monaco Digital the year before. 33

Reporting on Amazon, Microsoft, and Google’s percentage of the full European cloud computing market frequently cites Synergy Research Group (SRG). For example, their analysis of the first quarter of 2020 concluded that Amazon was the leading cloud computing provider in each major European country (i.e., the UK, Germany, France, and the Netherlands) as well as across Europe as a whole. SRG similarly listed Microsoft as in second position across the board and, with the exception of France, Google in third place.58 An SRG report the next year argued that – as of 2021 Q1 – Amazon, Microsoft, and Google “account[ed] for 69% of the regional market and their share continues to steadily rise”. In addition to our analysis of the European Union excluding the United Kingdom (which SRG included for its European statistics), we are more specific in the sense that we are only analyzing public procurement. On the other hand, our focus in more general in that – due to the vagaries of procurement descriptions and the multi-purpose scope of some contracts – we study even non-cloud government purchasing from the cloud giants. Under such conditions, we find that Microsoft, rather than Amazon, receives the most money from public EU government contracts – by more than a factor of sixteen. (As we will show, this is largely due to licensing revenue through intermediaries such as Crayon, SoftwareONE, Insight, Bechtle, and SEIDOR, though Microsoft had a lead over Amazon even without accounting for intermediated revenue.) European Union procurement analysis is conveniently centralized within Tenders Electronic Daily (TED) and supplies daily bulk contract downloads, and its primary complication is the diversity of lan￾guages. In the case of Israeli procurement, we only required Hebrew-to-English machine translation; in the case of TED, our current support for fifteen languages models only a partial solution. (Thankfully we do not generally require machine translation to find contracts, only to interpret them. And we can manually run contracts of interest through, for example, Google Translate.) As demonstrated in tables 14 and 15, roughly half of Microsoft’s direct public contracts with the EU government are clearly annotated as relating to cloud computing. And, as further demonstrated by Table 46, Microsoft’s (clearly marked) EU cloud contracts have nearly the same total as those of Amazon Web Services. Thus, because Amazon does not have an equivalent enterprise software business to Microsoft, Microsoft’s revenue from direct contracts with the EU government is roughly double Amazon’s. (As shown by tables 48 and 49, Google is a distant third.) But the balance of revenue dramatically changes in Microsoft’s favor when we account for indirect revenue through intermediated contracts. While we estimated roughly a 60 million EUR in such revenue for Amazon (see Table 47) and 41 million EUR for Google (see Table 50), Microsoft’s indirect revenue was so voluminous that we broke it up into a separate table for each country (see tables 16 to 45). In total, this amounted to 5.75 billion EUR of estimated indirect EU and EFTA revenue for Microsoft. The interested reader can click through to investigate individual contracts using the hyperlinks in each country’s table entries, but we will restrict ourselves to describing the largest contracts from the five countries with the highest estimates: the Netherlands (1.08 billion EUR), Hungary (905 million EUR), Germany (800 million EUR), Finland (415 million EUR), and the Czech Republic (343 million EUR). We will also note that Microsoft’s three largest indirect contracts with the Italian government are through TIM, the former Italian phone monopoly and GAIA-X member that we previously mentioned to have partnered with Google and Oracle. To some degree, the Netherlands’ position as the number one EU / EFTA source of intermediated Microsoft contracts is misleading, as 36 of the largest such contracts are supplying cloud computing to other countries through the Open Clouds for Research Environments (OCRE) project.59 The two dominant intermediaries for Microsoft’s Dutch contracts are: Bechtle, a reseller of AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud that also partners with OVHcloud, and SoftwareONE, which resells Azure, IBM Cloud, and Oracle. The largest intermediated contract for Microsoft licenses in Hungary was split between five separate vendors: SoftwareONE, a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom, a spin-out of Hewlett Packard Enterprise, and two lesser known companies (S&T and SMP). These five vendors are prototypical of Microsoft’s sales in Hungary and, more broadly, the participation of former German state-owned telecom monopoly Deutsche 58SRG listed both OVHcloud and Orange as overtaking Google’s cloud in France during 2020 Q1. 59The first “success story” listed on OCRE’s website is for “Algorithmic solutions for autonomous drone swarms”. 34

Telekom – which is also a founding member of GAIA-X – echoes Microsoft’s noted relationship with TIM in Italy. Germany’s largest award for Microsoft products was a 553.5 million EUR contract with SoftwareONE through the procurement office of its Federal Ministry of the Interior, or BMI.60 The German BMI runs not only the two largest federal police forces in Germany, but also a domestic intelligence service, the Bundesamt f¨ur Verfassungsschutz (BfV). While the bulk of Microsoft’s indirect revenue in Finland was from two centralized contracts through Crayon totaling 565 million EUR, the largest two Czech contracts were through the Czech Interior Ministry (MVCR) and totalled 10.8 billion CZK (roughly 440 million EUR). (Both of the Czech Interior Ministry contracts were through a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom, as well as lesser known firms DNS, AUTOCONT, and Exe.) The author notes that, despite noticing these few instances of contracts with the Czech and German Interior Ministries, due to time constraints, European contracts were not fully categorized and color-coded as to the degree of their proximity to security agencies. Date Buyer Ceiling Est. value Reference 2021-06-24 Switzerland 550M CHF 110M CHF 2021/S 123-327216[1089] 2020-01-23 Switzerland 320M CHF 107M CHF 2020/S 017-038313[865] 2021-11-23 Norway 1.5B NOK 1.5B NOK 2021/S 230-607419[1378] 2022-06-19 Switzerland 75M CHF 25M CHF 2022/S 120-342764[1292] 2020-04-17 Belgium 54.0M EUR 54.0M EUR 2020/S 081-189843[903] 2019-10-17 Germany 20.0M EUR 20.0M EUR 2019/S 204-497547[814] 2022-03-31 Italy 22.7M EUR 1.13M EUR 2022/S 067-178346[1354] 2022-03-31 Italy 12.9M EUR 0.65M EUR 2022/S 067-178344[1353] 2022-04-05 Belgium 10.2M EUR 10.2M EUR 2022/S 072-191024[1247] 2022-03-30 Italy 6.59M EUR 0.33M EUR 2022/S 066-175460[1352] 2022-04-26 Germany 3.68M EUR 3.68M EUR 2022/S 084-226868[1259] 2019-12-11 Austria 1.71M EUR 1.71M EUR 2019/S 242-594376[843] 2021-03-12 Finland 1.25M EUR 1.25M EUR 2021/S 053-134422[1370] 2019-03-26 Italy 1.03M EUR 1.03M EUR 2019/S 063-147634[1324] 2018-07-25 Italy 561K EUR 561K EUR 2018/S 143-328084[691] Table 14: Publicly disclosed European Union and European Free Trade Association cloud computing awards with Microsoft as one of the named vendors since 2018 (excluding the UK) with a total value of at least 500,000 EUR. The total estimate of these awards is 498 million EUR. When per-recipient award amounts are unspecified, we estimate Microsoft’s portion of the award by equally dividing the maximum contract value among the recipient vendors. Table 15: Publicly disclosed European Union and European Free Trade Association awards not ostensibly focused on cloud computing with Microsoft as one of the named vendors since 2018 (excluding the UK) with a total value of at least 500,000 EUR. Microsoft’s total estimated revenue from these awards is 664 million EUR. When per-recipient award amounts are unspecified, we estimated Microsoft’s portion of the award by equally dividing the maximum contract value among the recipient vendors. Date Buyer Ceiling Est. value Reference 2021-01-11 Spain 396M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 010-018976[1001] Continued on next page 60As noted in 18, several contracts with larger estimated values were not included due to the award values being listed as low as 0.01 EUR. In the case of contract 2020/S 192-462545, it was made clear by the award text that the contract value was 553.5 million EUR and that the award value of 143.5 million EUR was simply the increase above the original value of 410 million EUR. 35

Table 15 – continued from previous page. Date Buyer Ceiling Est. value Reference 2022-07-05 Italy 222M EUR 1.68M EUR 2022/S 130-370942[1299] 2018-12-14 France 200M EUR 200M EUR 2018/S 244-558281[726] 2021-12-15 Austria 158M EUR 2.50M EUR 2021/S 246-651054[1196] 2021-06-14 Belgium 115M EUR 115M EUR 2021/S 118-309050[1346] 2020-10-26 Italy 70.0M EUR 70.0M EUR 2020/S 212-519996[971] 2019-10-10 Hungary 15B HUF 15B HUF 2019/S 199-484551[1330] 2019-08-07 Italy 33.4M EUR 33.4M EUR 2019/S 155-383782[797] 2019-07-17 France 28.0M EUR 0.70M EUR 2019/S 138-340743[789] 2022-05-17 Italy 20.9M EUR 20.9M EUR 2022/S 098-272331[1271] 2021-09-06 Sweden 200M SEK 64.1K SEK 2021/S 176-458572[1153] 2020-02-13 Italy 15.9M EUR 15.9M EUR 2020/S 033-078114[875] 2022-06-14 Hungary 6B HUF 6B HUF 2022/S 116-327511[1288] 2021-09-21 Ireland 12.0M EUR 12.0M EUR 2021/S 186-484033[1157] 2019-06-21 Italy 10.7M EUR 10.7M EUR 2019/S 121-297463[772] 2021-06-18 Italy 9.70M EUR 1.21M EUR 2021/S 119-315852[1374] 2019-07-03 Italy 8.80M EUR 8.80M EUR 2019/S 129-317561[781] 2020-09-29 Italy 8.62M EUR 0.23M EUR 2020/S 192-463950[962] 2021-02-16 Austria 6.53M EUR 6.53M EUR 2021/S 035-085904[1030] 2022-07-05 Germany 6.53M EUR 6.53M EUR 2022/S 130-370934[1298] 2021-01-14 Italy 5.62M EUR 0.49M EUR 2021/S 012-025584[1006] 2021-09-14 Italy 5.06M EUR 5.06M EUR 2021/S 182-474465[1350] 2020-01-16 Italy 4.83M EUR 0.23M EUR 2020/S 013-026717[862] 2020-02-26 Germany 4.59M EUR 4.59M EUR 2020/S 041-097495[879] 2020-01-27 Italy 4.46M EUR 0.06M EUR 2020/S 020-044703[871] 2018-08-07 Italy 4.29M EUR 0.36M EUR 2018/S 152-349861[697] 2019-07-01 Germany 4.24M EUR 4.24M EUR 2019/S 126-308870[776] 2021-03-17 Italy 3.95M EUR 3.95M EUR 2021/S 056-142278[1371] 2020-01-17 Germany 3.85M EUR 3.85M EUR 2020/S 014-029256[1364] 2022-08-12 Germany 3.60M EUR 3.60M EUR 2022/S 157-451094[1384] 2020-04-22 Finland 3.08M EUR 3.08M EUR 2020/S 081-192346[904] 2020-01-07 Italy 3.00M EUR 3.00M EUR 2020/S 009-015281[858] 2019-12-19 Spain 2.50M EUR 2.50M EUR 2019/S 248-616860[847] 2020-05-13 France 2.48M EUR 2.48M EUR 2020/S 095-226726[910] 2020-05-26 Italy 2.35M EUR 2.35M EUR 2020/S 102-247055[917] 2020-08-24 Luxembourg 2.24M EUR 2.24M EUR 2020/S 172-412805[957] 2022-01-17 Germany 2.20M EUR 2.20M EUR 2022/S 015-035309[1219] 2021-11-23 Germany 2.20M EUR 2.20M EUR 2021/S 230-606500[1377] 2020-01-30 Germany 2.19M EUR 2.19M EUR 2020/S 023-052235[872] 2021-06-08 Spain 1.99M EUR 1.99M EUR 2021/S 112-294282[1075] 2022-07-20 Italy 1.98M EUR 1.98M EUR 2022/S 142-407686[1310] 2022-08-01 Belgium 1.94M EUR 1.94M EUR 2022/S 150-430823[1316] 2020-12-21 Germany 1.79M EUR 1.79M EUR 2020/S 251-631857[990] 2018-09-27 Slovakia 1.67M EUR 1.67M EUR 2018/S 190-430556[1322] 2022-02-08 Italy 1.47M EUR 1.47M EUR 2022/S 030-077154[1224] 2022-06-22 Germany 1.42M EUR 1.42M EUR 2022/S 121-344895[1293] 2020-12-24 Germany 1.38M EUR 1.38M EUR 2020/S 247-613298[986] 2019-12-18 Germany 1.34M EUR 1.34M EUR 2019/S 245-603906[846] 2019-06-25 Italy 1.32M EUR 1.32M EUR 2019/S 123-301666[773] 2019-07-04 Germany 1.26M EUR 1.26M EUR 2019/S 129-316989[780] 2019-06-14 France 1.26M EUR 1.26M EUR 2019/S 114-279715[766] 2020-12-16 Finland 1.19M EUR 1.19M EUR 2020/S 248-617872[987] 2019-12-04 Belgium 1.18M EUR 1.18M EUR 2019/S 237-581754[836] Continued on next page 36

Table 15 – continued from previous page. Date Buyer Ceiling Est. value Reference 2019-12-18 Finland 1.10M EUR 1.10M EUR 2019/S 245-603804[845] 2022-04-14 Netherlands 1.1M EUR 1.1M EUR 2022/S 076-208726[1382] 2022-02-17 Denmark 8.03M DKK 8.03M DKK 2022/S 037-096505[1381] 2021-06-04 Germany 1.07M EUR 1.07M EUR 2021/S 110-290290[1373] 2018-12-20 Germany 1.02M EUR 1.02M EUR 2018/S 246-565609[729] 2022-01-19 Finland 1.00M EUR 1.00M EUR 2022/S 016-038532[1221] 2019-02-07 Finland 951K EUR 951K EUR 2019/S 028-063210[743] 2020-06-23 Italy 947K EUR 947K EUR 2020/S 121-297769[933] 2021-02-01 Italy 945K EUR 945K EUR 2021/S 025-061052[1024] 2018-07-25 Italy 940K EUR 940K EUR 2018/S 144-330520[692] 2018-10-19 Germany 914K EUR 914K EUR 2018/S 203-463148[714] 2019-04-03 Italy 895K EUR 74.6K EUR 2019/S 069-162856[754] 2020-06-05 Spain 855K EUR 855K EUR 2020/S 110-267542[927] 2020-05-07 Spain 855K EUR 855K EUR 2020/S 092-220669[1365] 2019-11-11 Germany 840K EUR 840K EUR 2019/S 220-540444[826] 2018-12-27 Italy 823K EUR 823K EUR 2018/S 249-576193[733] 2020-12-03 Hungary 307M HUF 307M HUF 2020/S 239-591407[979] 2020-02-22 Italy 763K EUR 763K EUR 2020/S 040-095674[878] 2020-12-29 Germany 742K EUR 742K EUR 2020/S 255-642100[994] 2020-04-16 Spain 740K EUR 740K EUR 2020/S 076-180410[899] 2019-07-25 Spain 734K EUR 734K EUR 2019/S 145-357714[793] 2020-01-06 Germany 700K EUR 700K EUR 2020/S 005-006940[854] 2021-01-04 Italy 668K EUR 668K EUR 2021/S 005-006680[997] 2020-01-13 Germany 625K EUR 625K EUR 2020/S 010-019929[860] 2019-03-05 Germany 618K EUR 618K EUR 2019/S 048-110725[750] 2021-01-21 Italy 615K EUR 615K EUR 2021/S 017-039320[1014] 2021-02-19 Germany 614K EUR 614K EUR 2021/S 038-095735[1031] 2021-07-07 Hungary 241M HUF 241M HUF 2021/S 132-351384[1095] 2019-02-27 Germany 600K EUR 600K EUR 2019/S 044-100960[748] 2019-02-06 Germany 600K EUR 600K EUR 2019/S 029-065552[1363] 2019-11-06 Italy 594K EUR 594K EUR 2019/S 217-532451[820] 2021-07-06 Ireland 546K EUR 546K EUR 2021/S 131-348438[1092] 2022-07-06 Denmark 4.00M DKK 4.00M DKK 2022/S 131-374821[1301] 2022-06-14 Denmark 4.00M DKK 4.00M DKK 2022/S 116-328554[1383] 2020-12-08 Germany 535K EUR 535K EUR 2020/S 242-598785[982] 2020-01-09 Germany 523K EUR 523K EUR 2020/S 007-012011[857] 2022-01-05 Germany 510K EUR 510K EUR 2022/S 006-012247[1207] 2021-12-09 Germany 510K EUR 510K EUR 2021/S 242-638855[1379] 2020-06-03 Norway 5.27M NOK 5.27M NOK 2020/S 107-260576[1366] 2021-03-30 Estonia 500K EUR 500K EUR 2021/S 065-167414[1038] 2021-11-17 Finland 500K EUR 500K EUR 2021/S 226-595872[1376] 2020-11-17 Finland 500K EUR 500K EUR 2020/S 235-580980[1369] 37

Table 16: Publicly disclosed intermediated Dutch awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%, and a 600 million EUR contract with the Ministry of Defense was withheld due to the lot awards each being (likely falsely) listed as 1 EUR. The total of these estimations is 1.08 billion EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2020-01-24 Insight 190M EUR 40.3M EUR 2020/S 020-044141[868] 2021-08-04 Bechtle 150M EUR 105M EUR 2021/S 148-394621[1107] 2020-08-11 Crayon 150M EUR 35.0M EUR 2020/S 158-385600[948] 2021-08-04 Bechtle 100M EUR 70.0M EUR 2021/S 153-407573[1110] 2021-08-04 Bechtle 100M EUR 70.0M EUR 2021/S 153-407611[1143] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 100M EUR 70.0M EUR 2021/S 153-407602[1138] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 100M EUR 70.0M EUR 2021/S 153-407592[1128] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 100M EUR 70.0M EUR 2021/S 153-407577[1113] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 100M EUR 70.0M EUR 2021/S 153-407604[1139] 2018-11-23 SoftwareONE 85.0M EUR 59.5M EUR 2018/S 228-521197[720] 2018-08-22 SoftwareONE 80.0M EUR 56.0M EUR 2018/S 162-370773[699] 2018-07-29 Insight 67.5M EUR 7.86M EUR 2018/S 145-331710[693] 2018-08-26 SoftwareONE 60.0M EUR 14.0M EUR 2018/S 165-376572[701] 2020-12-02 SoftwareONE 53.0M EUR 6.18M EUR 2020/S 239-590740[978] 2021-08-04 Bechtle 50.0M EUR 35.0M EUR 2021/S 153-407587[1123] 2021-08-04 Bechtle 50.0M EUR 35.0M EUR 2021/S 153-407600[1136] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 50.0M EUR 35.0M EUR 2021/S 153-407590[1126] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 50.0M EUR 35.0M EUR 2021/S 153-407584[1120] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 50.0M EUR 35.0M EUR 2021/S 153-407588[1124] 2021-08-04 Bechtle 25.00M EUR 17.5M EUR 2021/S 153-407578[1114] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 25.00M EUR 17.5M EUR 2021/S 153-407601[1137] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 25.00M EUR 17.5M EUR 2021/S 153-407594[1130] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 25.00M EUR 17.5M EUR 2021/S 153-407608[1140] 2020-11-25 Atos, SEIDOR Uni Systems, NTT Data ilionx, Capgemini Altia, OTE Group CANCOM, Delaware Consulting 12.0M EUR 6.00M EUR 2020/S 236-581569[976] 2020-07-03 Bechtle 5.09M EUR 3.56M EUR 2020/S 129-316001[936] 2021-08-04 Bechtle 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407595[1131] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407598[1134] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407571[1108] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407583[1119] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407609[1141] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407586[1122] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407591[1127] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407589[1125] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407582[1118] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407599[1135] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407593[1129] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407574[1111] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407580[1116] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407596[1132] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407585[1121] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407576[1112] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407581[1117] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407597[1133] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407579[1115] Continued on next page 38

Table 16 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407610[1142] 2021-08-04 SoftwareONE 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 153-407572[1109] 2021-06-17 Crayon 2.84M EUR 1.98M EUR 2021/S 119-313670[1082] 2018-12-03 Bechtle 2.00M EUR 1.40M EUR 2018/S 234-535602[723] 2021-07-19 Bechtle 1.75M EUR 1.22M EUR 2021/S 141-373721[1103] 2021-05-03 Insight 1.60M EUR 1.12M EUR 2021/S 089-228953[1059] 2021-04-05 Crayon 1.45M EUR 1.01M EUR 2021/S 069-175336[1042] 2019-07-02 Bechtle 1.30M EUR 0.91M EUR 2019/S 127-310952[777] 2020-12-28 SoftwareONE 1.19M EUR 0.17M EUR 2020/S 255-640678[993] 2019-02-06 SoftwareONE 1.18M EUR 0.83M EUR 2019/S 030-067712[744] 2019-07-11 SoftwareONE 1.05M EUR 0.73M EUR 2019/S 133-326790[784] 2021-04-16 Insight 1.11M EUR 0.77M EUR 2021/S 077-197079[1049] 2019-09-30 Insight 1.06M EUR 0.74M EUR 2019/S 192-466975[807] 2020-08-10 Crayon 1.00M EUR 0.70M EUR 2020/S 157-382203[947] Table 17: Publicly disclosed intermediated Hungarian awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 905 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-06-30 T-Systems, S&T SoftwareONE SMP Solutions DXC 120B HUF 60.0B HUF 2021/S 127-337384[1090] 2022-06-24 T-Systems, S&T SoftwareONE SMP Solutions DXC 120B HUF 60.0B HUF 2022/S 123-350880[1362] 2022-06-24 T-Systems SoftwareONE SMP Solutions DXC, Softline 120B HUF 84B HUF 2022/S 123-350879[1361] 2021-08-13 T-Systems SoftwareONE SMP Solutions DXC, Softline 120B HUF 84.0B HUF 2021/S 159-420789[1147] 2020-11-24 SMP Solutions T-Systems, S&T SoftwareONE DXC 40.0B HUF 28.0B HUF 2020/S 232-571172[1339] 2019-10-09 SMP Solutions T-Systems, S&T SoftwareONE DXC 30B HUF 21B HUF 2019/S 198-481207[1328] 2019-10-10 SeE Enterprise, IMG Solution S&T, T-Systems Softline, ALOHA Duna, SysInfo Bit Service, Sysman 10.0B HUF 7.00B HUF 2019/S 199-483588[1329] Continued on next page 39

Table 17 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-01-20 SMP Solutions S&T, DXC SoftwareONE 7.49B HUF 3.74B HUF 2021/S 016-036153[1011] 2021-06-22 SMP Solutions S&T, DXC SoftwareONE 4.56B HUF 2.28B HUF 2021/S 121-318925[1084] 2022-04-13 S&T 4.27B HUF 2.99B HUF 2022/S 075-204021[1254] 2021-06-31 S&T 4.27B HUF 2.99B HUF 2021/S 127-337414[1091] 2021-04-30 SMP Solutions 2.95B HUF 2.07B HUF 2021/S 087-224712[1057] 2020-12-08 SMP Solutions S&T, DXC SoftwareONE 2.59B HUF 1.30B HUF 2020/S 242-597051[981] 2021-05-11 Softline 2.10B HUF 1.47B HUF 2021/S 093-244168[1062] 2019-01-30 SMP Solutions 699M HUF 489M HUF 2019/S 023-050723[742] 2019-02-21 SMP Solutions 699M HUF 489M HUF 2019/S 040-091461[1323] 2019-06-12 Softline 649M HUF 227M HUF 2019/S 113-277131[765] 2020-06-03 SMP Solutions 631M HUF 442M HUF 2020/S 108-262489[925] 2021-06-18 S&T 600M HUF 420M HUF 2021/S 119-315382[1083] 2019-03-13 SoftwareONE 551M HUF 386M HUF 2019/S 054-124225[751] 2022-05-31 S&T 549M HUF 384M HUF 2022/S 107-302375[1358] 2021-10-14 S&T 549M HUF 384M HUF 2021/S 203-531014[1163] 2022-08-18 S&T 545M HUF 382M HUF 2022/S 161-458969[?] 2021-04-23 S&T 544M HUF 381M HUF 2021/S 082-211050[1051] 2021-12-21 S&T 500M HUF 350M HUF 2021/S 250-661153[1198] 2022-04-11 Softline 474M HUF 284M HUF 2022/S 075-202936[1252] 2020-12-11 SeE, IMG, S&T Softline, Grepton Invitech, M&M Rufusz, ALOHA Poli, Duna SysInfo, Bit Service 438M HUF 307M HUF 2020/S 245-606937[983] Table 18: Publicly disclosed intermediated German awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The German government’s estimated 550 million, 525 million, and 12 million EUR contracts through SoftwareONE for Microsoft products were not included because their total award values – despite the much higher coupled estimates – were listed as 0.01 EUR. The total of these estimations is 800 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2020-09-28 SoftwareONE 554M EUR 387M EUR 2020/S 192-462545[1336] 2022-07-11 SoftwareONE 138M EUR 96.7M EUR 2022/S 135-384126[1303] 2020-04-08 SoftwareONE 108M EUR 75.4M EUR 2020/S 073-174207[897] 2020-03-31 SoftwareONE MSG Services Deutsche Telekom 105M EUR 73.6M EUR 2020/S 067-159820[892] 2019-10-17 SoftwareONE 30.4M EUR 21.3M EUR 2019/S 204-496574[813] 2020-06-21 Fujitsu 28.8M EUR 20.2M EUR 2020/S 121-295041[932] 2020-09-23 Crayon 25.6M EUR 17.9M EUR 2020/S 189-455951[960] 2022-06-09 Crayon 16.7M EUR 11.7M EUR 2022/S 114-321205[1286] Continued on next page 40

Table 18 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-04-11 Crayon 15.4M EUR 10.8M EUR 2021/S 074-186738[1045] 2022-05-30 Fujitsu 15.0M EUR 10.5M EUR 2022/S 107-298044[1279] 2022-04-04 Crayon 15.0M EUR 10.5M EUR 2022/S 070-186593[1245] 2020-11-02 H&G 10.8M EUR 7.53M EUR 2020/S 217-530484[972] 2020-05-12 SoftwareONE 8.50M EUR 5.95M EUR 2020/S 095-226755[911] 2020-02-02 Fujitsu 8.21M EUR 5.75M EUR 2020/S 025-056530[873] 2021-04-05 SoftwareONE 6.73M EUR 4.71M EUR 2021/S 069-174956[1040] 2019-11-11 SoftwareONE 5.16M EUR 2.58M EUR 2019/S 220-540338[825] 2021-06-22 Crayon 4.49M EUR 3.15M EUR 2021/S 122-323209[1086] 2022-04-06 Crayon 4.30M EUR 2.15M EUR 2022/S 072-192012[1248] 2021-04-19 Fujitsu 2.90M EUR 2.03M EUR 2021/S 079-203805[1372] 2020-03-19 Fujitsu 2.85M EUR 1.99M EUR 2020/S 058-138610[886] 2020-02-17 Bechtle 2.76M EUR 1.94M EUR 2020/S 036-084665[876] 2022-05-19 Fujitsu 2.69M EUR 1.88M EUR 2022/S 101-279607[1273] 2022-05-16 Crayon 2.47M EUR 1.73M EUR 2022/S 098-271476[1270] 2020-06-01 Bechtle 2.15M EUR 1.51M EUR 2020/S 107-259133[923] 2022-07-27 SoftwareONE 2.02M EUR 1.41M EUR 2022/S 147-421525[1312] 2019-10-13 Fujitsu 1.90M EUR 1.33M EUR 2019/S 202-491499[1331] 2022-08-09 CANCOM 1.79M EUR 1.25M EUR 2022/S 155-442078[1319] 2022-02-23 SoftwareONE 1.72M EUR 1.20M EUR 2022/S 042-108859[1230] 2020-11-10 SoftwareONE 1.62M EUR 1.13M EUR 2020/S 223-548169[974] 2020-01-01 SoftwareONE 1.60M EUR 1.12M EUR 2020/S 003-003077[852] 2021-05-03 Fujitsu 1.58M EUR 1.11M EUR 2021/S 089-228439[1058] 2020-06-30 SoftwareONE 1.54M EUR 1.08M EUR 2020/S 108-262702[926] 2021-01-20 Bechtle 1.50M EUR 1.04M EUR 2021/S 017-038592[1013] 2022-04-12 SoftwareONE 1.49M EUR 1.04M EUR 2022/S 075-200867[1251] 2020-06-02 SoftwareONE 1.43M EUR 1.00M EUR 2020/S 108-261726[924] 2019-12-03 CANCOM 1.32M EUR 0.92M EUR 2019/S 236-578440[834] 2021-03-09 Fujitsu 1.26M EUR 0.88M EUR 2021/S 051-128455[1344] 2022-01-10 Computacenter 1.25M EUR 0.88M EUR 2022/S 010-018963[1211] 2020-01-27 SoftwareONE 1.20M EUR 0.84M EUR 2020/S 020-044219[869] 2019-12-10 SoftwareONE 1.17M EUR 0.82M EUR 2019/S 241-591362[840] 2020-08-23 SoftwareONE 1.13M EUR 0.79M EUR 2020/S 167-403228[954] 2021-07-15 Crayon 1.10M EUR 0.77M EUR 2021/S 139-370986[1348] 2020-07-07 Crayon 1.04M EUR 0.73M EUR 2020/S 132-323323[941] 2022-01-09 Crayon 1.03M EUR 0.72M EUR 2022/S 010-018223[1209] 2021-03-15 SoftwareONE 1.01M EUR 0.71M EUR 2021/S 055-137074[1036] Table 19: Publicly disclosed intermediated Finnish awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 415 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-05-27 Crayon 310M EUR 217M EUR 2021/S 105-277001[1069] 2021-05-27 Crayon 255M EUR 179M EUR 2021/S 105-277004[1070] 2020-04-14 ATEA 10.0M EUR 7.00M EUR 2020/S 075-178578[898] 2021-10-14 Crayon 9.00M EUR 6.30M EUR 2021/S 204-533827[1166] 2022-01-04 Crayon 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2022/S 006-012032[1206] 2022-08-14 Crayon 1.80M EUR 1.26M EUR 2022/S 159-453992[1320] Continued on next page 41

Table 19 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-11-09 Efima 1.50M EUR 1.05M EUR 2021/S 221-583171[1182] Table 20: Publicly disclosed intermediated Czech awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. A large batch of EUR-denominated contracts with the Czech Republic’s Interior Ministry was listed but with estimated values of zero because the author believes them to be components of a similarly listed 4.60 billion CZK award. The total of these estimations is 341 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2022-04-26 SoftwareONE DNS AUTOCONT Exe Crayon 6.20B CZK 4.34B CZK 2022/S 085-229357[1261] 2018-12-16 DNS Deutsche Telekom AUTOCONT Exe 4.60B CZK 3.22B CZK 2018/S 245-560964[728] 2021-01-24 DNS Deutsche Telekom AUTOCONT Exe 40.9M EUR 0 2021/S 020-045129[1017] 2020-01-21 DNS Deutsche Telekom AUTOCONT Exe 32.2M EUR 0 2020/S 018-039012[866] 2020-10-18 DNS Deutsche Telekom AUTOCONT Exe 24.1M EUR 0 2020/S 207-503175[967] 2020-04-21 DNS Deutsche Telekom AUTOCONT Exe 11.3M EUR 0 2020/S 082-193242[905] 2021-07-19 DNS Deutsche Telekom AUTOCONT Exe 10.4M EUR 0 2021/S 141-373358[1102] 2021-10-17 DNS Deutsche Telekom AUTOCONT Exe 8.70M EUR 0 2021/S 206-536504[1167] 2019-10-20 DNS Deutsche Telekom AUTOCONT Exe 8.33M EUR 0 2019/S 206-501909[816] 2019-04-17 DNS Deutsche Telekom AUTOCONT Exe 8.24M EUR 0 2019/S 079-189631[1325] Continued on next page 42

Table 20 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2019-07-25 Deutsche Telekom 200M CZK 140M CZK 2019/S 146-360030[794] 2021-04-15 DNS Deutsche Telekom AUTOCONT Exe 7.15M EUR 5.01M EUR 2021/S 077-196904[1048] 2022-04-20 DNS Deutsche Telekom AUTOCONT Exe 6.85M EUR 0 2022/S 081-217730[1256] 2019-07-14 DNS Deutsche Telekom AUTOCONT Exe 6.27M EUR 0 2019/S 137-337192[786] 2022-01-12 DNS Deutsche Telekom AUTOCONT Exe 5.76M EUR 0 2022/S 012-026237[1216] 2019-10-06 SoftwareONE 102M CZK 71.5M CZK 2019/S 197-479113[811] 2021-10-20 Deutsche Telekom 100M CZK 70.0M CZK 2021/S 208-545286[1171] 2022-07-13 SoftwareONE DNS Crayon AUTOCONT 99.5M CZK 69.7M CZK 2022/S 137-391509[1306] 2020-07-16 DNS Deutsche Telekom AUTOCONT Exe 3.87M EUR 0 2020/S 139-342062[943] 2022-04-27 SoftwareONE 66.3M CZK 46.4M CZK 2022/S 086-232458[1263] 2019-02-27 SoftwareONE 55.0M CZK 38.5M CZK 2019/S 044-101193[749] 2019-07-18 SoftwareONE 52.0M CZK 36.4M CZK 2019/S 140-344575[791] 2021-09-06 SoftwareONE 50.7M CZK 35.5M CZK 2021/S 176-457248[1152] 2018-11-21 SoftwareONE 49.0M CZK 17.2M CZK 2018/S 226-516822[719] 2018-08-28 Deutsche Telekom 45.9M CZK 32.1M CZK 2018/S 167-380880[703] 2020-05-28 SoftwareONE 44.6M CZK 31.2M CZK 2020/S 106-256449[922] 2018-11-28 SoftwareONE 40.0M CZK 28.0M CZK 2018/S 232-529996[722] 2021-06-22 AUTOCONT 37.6M CZK 26.3M CZK 2021/S 122-324615[1088] 2019-09-30 Exe 38.9M CZK 27.3M CZK 2019/S 192-467089[808] 2020-01-19 SoftwareONE 34.1M CZK 23.8M CZK 2020/S 016-033515[864] 2020-12-01 SoftwareONE 25.2M CZK 12.6M CZK 2020/S 238-588973[977] 2022-05-23 SoftwareONE 25.0M CZK 17.5M CZK 2022/S 102-285829[1275] Table 21: Publicly disclosed intermediated French awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 293 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2018-08-06 SCC 190M EUR 133M EUR 2018/S 151-346778[695] 2021-04-13 SCC Open Group 150M EUR 90.0M EUR 2021/S 075-191573[1046] 2022-01-05 SHI 20.5M EUR 14.4M EUR 2022/S 006-011016[1205] Continued on next page 43

Table 21 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2020-06-07 SCC 15.5M EUR 7.74M EUR 2020/S 112-271454[928] 2021-12-01 SCC 10.0M EUR 7.00M EUR 2021/S 236-622201[1190] 2022-08-02 Bechtle 8.00M EUR 5.60M EUR 2022/S 150-427792[1315] 2021-03-25 SCC 7.50M EUR 3.75M EUR 2021/S 062-156966[1037] 2021-04-02 Crayon 7.30M EUR 5.11M EUR 2021/S 067-173207[1039] 2020-03-17 Crayon 6.12M EUR 4.28M EUR 2020/S 057-135702[883] 2022-01-03 SCC 4.40M EUR 2.20M EUR 2022/S 005-007141[1204] 2020-12-07 SCC 3.53M EUR 2.47M EUR 2020/S 242-596707[980] 2019-09-23 Bechtle 3.50M EUR 2.45M EUR 2019/S 186-452091[804] 2022-05-11 Econocom 1.90M EUR 1.33M EUR 2022/S 094-259069[1266] 2019-08-23 Bechtle 2.45M EUR 1.72M EUR 2019/S 164-402504[799] 2021-11-09 SCC 2.44M EUR 1.71M EUR 2021/S 220-579896[1181] 2021-04-26 Crayon 2.40M EUR 1.68M EUR 2021/S 084-214644[1055] 2018-08-28 SoftwareONE 2.18M EUR 0.76M EUR 2018/S 166-378418[702] 2019-11-07 SCC 2.00M EUR 1.40M EUR 2019/S 218-535990[823] 2019-06-18 SCC 1.88M EUR 1.31M EUR 2019/S 118-290096[769] 2021-10-15 SCC 1.56M EUR 1.09M EUR 2021/S 204-532574[1165] 2021-04-23 Crayon 1.55M EUR 1.08M EUR 2021/S 082-211110[1052] 2022-06-29 SCC 1.50M EUR 1.05M EUR 2022/S 126-358236[1295] 2021-08-23 Insight 1.34M EUR 0.80M EUR 2021/S 166-433388[1148] 2021-06-22 Upper-Link 1.10M EUR 0.77M EUR 2021/S 121-318957[1085] 2020-12-29 Crayon 1.07M EUR 0.75M EUR 2021/S 001-001350[996] Table 22: Publicly disclosed intermediated Spanish awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 280 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2020-04-13 SEIDOR 83.8M EUR 58.6M EUR 2022/S 075-200749[1250] 2022-06-13 SEIDOR 18.5M EUR 13.0M EUR 2022/S 116-324927[1287] 2021-07-18 Academic Software SEIDOR Telefonica SCC inetum 12.9M EUR 9.04M EUR 2021/S 141-373327[1101] 2019-11-12 BT 12.7M EUR 8.90M EUR 2019/S 221-543192[827] 2021-05-20 SEIDOR 11.7M EUR 8.16M EUR 2021/S 099-261102[1068] 2019-05-27 SCC 9.83M EUR 6.88M EUR 2019/S 104-252052[761] 2022-08-04 SEIDOR 9.57M EUR 6.70M EUR 2022/S 153-436969[1317] 2022-07-12 SEIDOR 9.57M EUR 6.70M EUR 2022/S 136-388751[1304] 2020-05-21 SEIDOR 9.16M EUR 6.41M EUR 2020/S 100-240332[913] 2020-07-24 Atos 8.80M EUR 6.16M EUR 2020/S 144-355780[945] 2020-06-25 SEIDOR 8.00M EUR 5.60M EUR 2020/S 123-301219[935] 2021-06-15 SEIDOR 7.75M EUR 3.88M EUR 2021/S 118-309854[1079] 2019-04-25 SEIDOR 7.22M EUR 5.05M EUR 2019/S 084-201290[758] 2021-04-22 Crayon 7.15M EUR 5.01M EUR 2021/S 082-211306[1053] 2021-01-13 SEIDOR 6.96M EUR 4.87M EUR 2021/S 012-025059[1342] 2022-04-26 SEIDOR 6.77M EUR 4.74M EUR 2022/S 085-229396[1262] Continued on next page 44

Table 22 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2020-03-16 BT SEIDOR 6.74M EUR 4.72M EUR 2020/S 057-137253[884] 2018-12-26 Fujitsu 6.51M EUR 4.55M EUR 2018/S 250-577822[734] 2019-10-27 SEIDOR 6.42M EUR 4.49M EUR 2019/S 210-513297[1333] 2019-06-03 SEIDOR 6.29M EUR 4.40M EUR 2019/S 109-265245[762] 2020-11-29 SEIDOR 6.29M EUR 4.40M EUR 2020/S 237-584037[1340] 2021-06-29 SEIDOR 6.29M EUR 4.40M EUR 2021/S 127-336884[1347] 2021-10-26 SCC 6.17M EUR 4.32M EUR 2021/S 211-556861[1175] 2019-08-18 SEIDOR 6.07M EUR 4.25M EUR 2019/S 183-445565[803] 2021-01-31 SCC 5.76M EUR 4.03M EUR 2021/S 025-059293[1023] 2022-05-19 inetum 5.62M EUR 3.93M EUR 2022/S 101-280549[1274] 2019-12-29 SEIDOR 4.89M EUR 3.42M EUR 2020/S 001-000269[851] 2018-07-22 SEIDOR 4.75M EUR 3.32M EUR 2018/S 143-327972[690] 2019-06-27 Telefonica 4.62M EUR 3.23M EUR 2019/S 125-305513[775] 2022-06-28 SEIDOR 4.40M EUR 3.08M EUR 2022/S 125-357072[1294] 2020-10-15 SEIDOR 4.23M EUR 2.96M EUR 2020/S 205-498624[966] 2020-05-12 SEIDOR 4.23M EUR 2.96M EUR 2020/S 095-226567[908] 2020-02-04 Fujitsu 3.96M EUR 1.98M EUR 2020/S 027-061397[874] 2020-05-19 SEIDOR 3.94M EUR 2.76M EUR 2020/S 100-240808[1335] 2019-10-14 SEIDOR 3.93M EUR 2.75M EUR 2019/S 202-492505[1332] 2022-03-29 SEIDOR 3.93M EUR 2.75M EUR 2022/S 066-175404[1351] 2021-05-30 SEIDOR 3.93M EUR 2.75M EUR 2021/S 107-282609[1345] 2020-03-24 Bechtle 3.73M EUR 2.61M EUR 2020/S 062-148707[890] 2019-06-27 SEIDOR 3.00M EUR 2.10M EUR 2019/S 125-305509[774] 2021-06-02 SEIDOR 2.98M EUR 2.09M EUR 2021/S 108-284721[1073] 2019-07-18 SCC 2.82M EUR 1.97M EUR 2019/S 140-346038[792] 2019-07-08 SCC 2.82M EUR 1.97M EUR 2019/S 132-325394[783] 2021-07-06 SEIDOR 2.72M EUR 1.90M EUR 2021/S 132-350632[1094] 2018-12-17 SEIDOR 2.44M EUR 1.71M EUR 2018/S 245-560710[727] 2021-05-17 Crayon 2.22M EUR 1.55M EUR 2021/S 098-254938[1067] 2021-11-29 SEIDOR 2.19M EUR 1.53M EUR 2021/S 235-616811[1189] 2021-02-11 SEIDOR 2.02M EUR 1.41M EUR 2021/S 033-082300[1343] 2019-02-26 SEIDOR 1.95M EUR 1.36M EUR 2019/S 043-097872[746] 2022-03-14 SEIDOR 1.89M EUR 0.95M EUR 2022/S 055-141615[1238] 2020-05-21 Telefonica 1.85M EUR 0.93M EUR 2020/S 100-240340[914] 2018-11-07 inetum 1.80M EUR 1.26M EUR 2018/S 217-496970[715] 2019-06-02 SoftwareONE 1.69M EUR 1.01M EUR 2019/S 106-258888[1326] 2021-08-25 SEIDOR 1.66M EUR 1.00M EUR 2021/S 167-438662[1150] 2021-04-06 SEIDOR 1.63M EUR 1.14M EUR 2021/S 069-175206[1041] 2019-10-28 SEIDOR 1.61M EUR 0.80M EUR 2019/S 211-517815[818] 2018-07-09 inetum 1.60M EUR 0.96M EUR 2018/S 133-303626[689] 2019-06-18 SEIDOR 1.58M EUR 1.10M EUR 2019/S 118-289435[768] 2021-07-08 SEIDOR 1.55M EUR 1.08M EUR 2021/S 134-356313[1096] 2022-01-09 SEIDOR Factum 1.54M EUR 0.77M EUR 2022/S 010-018401[1210] 2020-11-02 SEIDOR 1.51M EUR 1.05M EUR 2020/S 217-531230[1338] 2021-08-04 SEIDOR 1.51M EUR 0.91M EUR 2021/S 153-407958[1144] 2019-10-01 SCC 1.48M EUR 1.04M EUR 2019/S 193-468355[809] 2022-06-30 SCC 1.46M EUR 1.02M EUR 2022/S 128-364144[1296] 2019-11-07 SCC 1.42M EUR 0.99M EUR 2019/S 218-534819[821] 2021-01-28 SEIDOR 1.39M EUR 0.97M EUR 2021/S 022-052265[1020] 2019-04-10 SEIDOR 1.37M EUR 0.69M EUR 2019/S 075-177740[756] Continued on next page 45

Table 22 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2019-10-01 SEIDOR 1.29M EUR 0.91M EUR 2019/S 192-465935[806] 2020-06-11 SCC 1.25M EUR 0.87M EUR 2020/S 115-278902[929] 2020-05-07 SEIDOR 1.22M EUR 0.73M EUR 2020/S 092-219376[907] 2019-12-11 SCC 1.21M EUR 0.84M EUR 2019/S 241-591604[842] 2019-01-24 Iberm´atica 1.16M EUR 0.58M EUR 2019/S 020-044173[741] 2020-05-20 Telefonica 1.14M EUR 0.80M EUR 2020/S 100-240353[915] 2020-03-15 Telefonica 1.10M EUR 0.77M EUR 2020/S 056-132228[882] 2021-02-11 SEIDOR 1.09M EUR 0.76M EUR 2021/S 033-082102[1028] 2020-04-02 SEIDOR 1.05M EUR 0.53M EUR 2020/S 069-163821[895] Table 23: Publicly disclosed intermediated Belgian awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 259 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2019-12-02 SoftwareONE 160M EUR 112M EUR 2019/S 236-578539[835] 2019-06-11 SoftwareONE 101.7M EUR 71.2M EUR 2019/S 116-283866[1327] 2021-10-20 SoftwareONE 49.8M EUR 34.8M EUR 2021/S 208-545220[1170] 2021-04-08 Academic Software 16.5M EUR 11.6M EUR 2021/S 072-183193[1044] 2019-11-28 Econocom 9.56M EUR 6.69M EUR 2019/S 234-573474[832] 2019-06-19 SoftwareONE 9.00M EUR 6.30M EUR 2019/S 119-292322[770] 2021-04-18 Bechtle 7.00M EUR 4.90M EUR 2021/S 079-200731[1050] 2019-08-01 SoftwareONE 5.63M EUR 3.94M EUR 2019/S 150-369370[795] 2021-04-08 Academic Software 5.00M EUR 3.50M EUR 2021/S 072-183188[1043] 2022-02-21 Insight 2.85M EUR 2.00M EUR 2022/S 040-102018[1228] 2020-08-24 Insight 1.50M EUR 1.05M EUR 2020/S 167-403705[956] 2019-05-13 Academic Software 1.50M EUR 1.05M EUR 2019/S 093-224533[759] 2019-07-02 SoftwareONE 1.13M EUR 0.79M EUR 2019/S 128-313047[778] 2018-11-25 SoftwareONE 1.01M EUR 0.71M EUR 2018/S 230-525507[721] 2021-07-12 Bechtle 1.00M EUR 0.18M EUR 2021/S 136-360340[1098] Table 24: Publicly disclosed intermediated Norwegian awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 226 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2020-05-26 ATEA 575M NOK 403M NOK 2020/S 103-249438[920] 2018-12-18 Crayon 420M NOK 73.5M NOK 2018/S 246-566709[730] 2022-04-05 Crayon 340M NOK 238M NOK 2022/S 071-190922[1246] 2022-03-29 Crayon 240M NOK 168M NOK 2022/S 066-175875[1244] 2020-07-05 Crayon 240M NOK 144M NOK 2020/S 130-320244[939] 2022-01-19 ATEA 200M NOK 100M NOK 2022/S 017-042363[1223] 2018-07-02 Crayon 195M NOK 137M NOK 2018/S 127-290650[687] 2018-08-21 Crayon 184M NOK 91.8M NOK 2018/S 162-371679[700] 2018-10-08 Crayon 145M NOK 101M NOK 2018/S 196-444491[712] 2019-03-20 ATEA 140M NOK 98.0M NOK 2019/S 060-140537[752] Continued on next page 46

Table 24 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2022-06-17 Crayon 133M NOK 53.2M NOK 2022/S 119-336749[1291] 2021-11-11 Crayon 128M NOK 89.3M NOK 2021/S 223-588287[1184] 2022-03-01 Crayon 120M NOK 84.0M NOK 2022/S 046-120927[1234] 2019-08-26 Crayon 100M NOK 60.0M NOK 2019/S 166-407628[800] 2019-04-12 Crayon 92.0M NOK 55.2M NOK 2019/S 075-179710[757] 2019-11-13 Crayon 66.4M NOK 46.5M NOK 2019/S 222-545871[828] 2021-12-06 Crayon 52.0M NOK 36.4M NOK 2021/S 240-634153[1191] 2022-01-19 Crayon 40.0M NOK 28.0M NOK 2022/S 017-042356[1222] 2018-08-20 Crayon 40.0M NOK 10.0M NOK 2018/S 160-367619[698] 2022-01-11 ATEA 36.0M NOK 25.2M NOK 2022/S 011-025314[1215] 2020-12-22 Crayon 30.0M NOK 18.0M NOK 2020/S 252-638005[991] 2022-07-03 Crayon 30.0M NOK 15.0M NOK 2022/S 130-372139[1300] 2020-03-17 Crayon 30.0M NOK 15.0M NOK 2020/S 057-137466[885] 2019-06-11 Crayon 25.0M NOK 17.5M NOK 2019/S 112-276126[764] 2021-01-17 Crayon 22.7M NOK 15.9M NOK 2021/S 015-034928[1009] 2020-04-05 Crayon 21.0M NOK 10.5M NOK 2020/S 071-169922[896] 2022-03-20 Crayon 20.0M NOK 10.0M NOK 2022/S 060-159184[1243] 2021-12-08 Crayon 20.0M NOK 10.0M NOK 2021/S 242-639285[1193] 2019-12-20 ATEA 20.0M NOK 10.0M NOK 2019/S 248-617132[848] 2018-09-24 Crayon 20.0M NOK 10.0M NOK 2018/S 186-421455[709] 2019-02-06 Crayon 18.8M NOK 9.40M NOK 2019/S 030-068611[745] 2019-12-02 Crayon 16.0M NOK 11.2M NOK 2019/S 235-577346[833] 2020-06-15 Crayon 15.2M NOK 1.82M NOK 2020/S 116-282702[930] 2019-06-04 Crayon 13.0M NOK 5.20M NOK 2019/S 109-267102[763] 2021-01-26 ATEA 12.0M NOK 6.00M NOK 2021/S 021-051341[1018] 2020-08-11 ATEA 12.0M NOK 6.00M NOK 2020/S 158-386741[949] 2019-01-22 Crayon 12.0M NOK 6.00M NOK 2019/S 018-039841[740] 2020-02-18 Crayon 11.0M NOK 3.30M NOK 2020/S 036-086248[877] Table 25: Publicly disclosed intermediated Polish awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 185 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2019-10-19 SoftwareONE 46.6M EUR 32.6M EUR 2019/S 205-499070[815] Asseco, SoftwareONE APN Promise 119M PLN 71.4M PLN 2020/S 046-108457[880] 2019-07-15 SoftwareONE 94.3M PLN 66.0M PLN 2019/S 138-341051[790] 2022-07-21 APN Promise Orange Polska Crayon SotwareONE 77.2M PLN 54.0M PLN 2022/S 142-406085[1309] 2020-09-28 APN Promise Chmury Krajowej Orange Polska Crayon SotwareONE 76.3M PLN 30.5M PLN 2020/S 192-462099[961] 2021-03-15 APN Promise 65.0M PLN 32.5M PLN 2021/S 055-136598[1035] Continued on next page 47

Table 25 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-01-12 Orange Polska APN Promise Deutsche Telekom Asseco SoftwareONE Crayon 61.0M PLN 36.6M PLN 2021/S 010-017303[1000] 2021-09-08 APN Promise 50.3M PLN 30.2M PLN 2021/S 178-464663[1155] 2021-04-23 Orange Polska 43.2M PLN 10.8M PLN 2021/S 082-212045[1054] 2022-06-09 Orange Polska 38.3M PLN 26.8M PLN 2022/S 114-321020[1285] 2021-12-21 APN Promise 35.0M PLN 21.0M PLN 2021/S 250-661187[1199] 2018-11-13 APN Promise 34.6M PLN 24.2M PLN 2018/S 219-501416[716] 2022-07-04 Orange Polska 31.5M PLN 22.0M PLN 2022/S 130-368163[1297] 2020-01-03 SoftwareONE 26.3M PLN 15.8M PLN 2020/S 004-005455[853] 2020-01-22 APN Promise 25.7M PLN 12.8M PLN 2020/S 018-039074[867] 2020-08-24 Crayon 24.6M PLN 17.2M PLN 2020/S 167-403503[955] 2022-07-14 Crayon 23.2M PLN 11.6M PLN 2022/S 137-391504[1305] 2020-01-10 APN Promise 22.9M PLN 16.0M PLN 2020/S 010-019035[859] 2019-12-09 Orange Polska 21.4M PLN 10.7M PLN 2019/S 239-587778[837] 2019-07-12 APN Promise S&T 21.0M PLN 14.7M PLN 2019/S 136-335058[785] 2018-09-14 APN Promise 21.0M PLN 10.5M PLN 2018/S 179-406781[707] 2021-10-21 APN Promise 19.1M PLN 13.4M PLN 2021/S 208-544092[1169] 2018-07-11 APN Promise 16.8M PLN 11.7M PLN 2018/S 133-302709[688] 2020-12-28 APN Promise 16.5M PLN 8.23M PLN 2020/S 255-640588[992] 2022-07-15 Crayon 15.2M PLN 10.7M PLN 2022/S 138-394227[1307] 2019-08-29 APN Promise 14.1M PLN 7.07M PLN 2019/S 169-413634[801] 2022-03-08 APN Promise 13.3M PLN 9.29M PLN 2022/S 050-128140[1236] 2019-12-10 Orange Polska APN Promise 13.0M PLN 6.50M PLN 2019/S 241-591527[841] 2018-09-18 SoftwareONE 12.9M PLN 6.47M PLN 2018/S 182-412492[708] 2020-10-23 SoftwareONE 11.6M PLN 5.78M PLN 2020/S 210-512941[968] 2020-07-03 APN Promise 2.24M EUR 1.57M EUR 2020/S 130-319566[938] 2019-01-22 APN Promise 10.8M PLN 7.56M PLN 2019/S 018-039564[739] 2019-07-03 SoftwareONE 10.0M PLN 7.00M PLN 2019/S 129-316151[779] 2019-04-01 Orange Polska 9.69M PLN 4.85M PLN 2019/S 068-159287[753] 2021-12-22 Crayon 9.30M PLN 6.51M PLN 2021/S 252-671710[1202] 2019-06-13 APN Promise 9.09M PLN 4.55M PLN 2019/S 115-282281[767] 2021-08-26 APN Promise 8.39M PLN 5.87M PLN 2021/S 169-441794[1151] 2019-01-03 APN Promise 8.13M PLN 4.07M PLN 2019/S 003-003199[736] 2021-10-13 APN Promise 7.94M PLN 5.56M PLN 2021/S 203-530943[1162] 2021-11-08 Orange Polska 7.50M PLN 3.75M PLN 2021/S 220-577794[1180] 2018-12-27 APN Promise 7.43M PLN 2.60M PLN 2018/S 250-578209[735] 2021-02-04 APN Promise 7.33M PLN 5.13M PLN 2021/S 028-068776[1026] 2022-04-21 Crayon 7.31M PLN 3.66M PLN 2022/S 081-218844[1257] 2022-04-19 Crayon 7.15M PLN 3.58M PLN 2022/S 079-211976[1255] 2020-08-20 SoftwareONE 6.80M PLN 4.76M PLN 2020/S 165-401428[953] 2020-03-31 Deutsche Telekom 6.58M PLN 3.29M PLN 2020/S 065-156163[891] 2020-01-07 APN Promise 6.50M PLN 2.28M PLN 2020/S 006-009357[856] 2022-01-18 Orange Polska 6.44M PLN 4.51M PLN 2022/S 015-035611[1220] 2020-06-23 APN Promise 6.27M PLN 4.39M PLN 2020/S 122-300198[934] 2021-01-08 APN Promise 6.10M PLN 3.05M PLN 2021/S 008-015223[999] 2022-06-22 Deutsche Telekom 6.10M PLN 3.05M PLN 2022/S 108-304728[1282] Continued on next page 48

Table 25 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2018-09-13 APN Promise 5.60M PLN 3.92M PLN 2018/S 177-401905[705] 2021-05-12 Crayon 5.40M PLN 3.78M PLN 2021/S 094-247781[1064] 2021-02-25 APN Promise 5.23M PLN 2.61M PLN 2021/S 042-104654[1032] 2021-11-04 APN Promise 5.15M PLN 3.61M PLN 2021/S 217-572520[1178] Table 26: Publicly disclosed intermediated Danish awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 159 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2022-05-30 Crayon 1.69B DKK 1.18B DKK 2022/S 107-298002[1278] Table 27: Publicly disclosed intermediated Swedish awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 142 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-01-28 Insight Advania ATEA Dustin 2.9B SEK 725M SEK 2021/S 022-053109[1021] 2021-01-13 ATEA 1.4B SEK 700M SEK 2021/S 011-021748[1003] 2021-10-12 ATEA 150M SEK 75.0M SEK 2021/S 201-525123[1161] 2021-01-18 ATEA 20M SEK 8.00M SEK 2021/S 015-031087[1008] Table 28: Publicly disclosed intermediated Italian awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 130 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2022-06-16 TIM 63.8M EUR 31.9M EUR 2022/S 119-336412[1360] 2022-05-09 TIM 63.6M EUR 31.8M EUR 2022/S 093-257377[1356] 2021-05-13 TIM 45.0M EUR 22.5M EUR 2021/S 095-249177[1065] 2021-01-22 SimNT 20.0M EUR 14.0M EUR 2021/S 018-041123[1015] 2019-12-09 TIM 7.07M EUR 4.95M EUR 2019/S 240-588674[838] 2021-09-13 Var Group 6.31M EUR 4.42M EUR 2021/S 181-469423[1156] 2018-08-02 TIM 4.42M EUR 3.09M EUR 2018/S 151-346845[696] 2018-05-16 TIM 4.17M EUR 2.92M EUR 2018/S 094-214325[686] 2022-06-16 TIM 3.95M EUR 2.77M EUR 2022/S 119-336400[1359] 2021-11-17 Postel Italware 3.30M EUR 1.65M EUR 2021/S 227-598264[1186] 2021-01-14 Var Group 3.25M EUR 2.28M EUR 2021/S 012-024759[1005] 2021-07-26 TIM 2.32M EUR 1.62M EUR 2021/S 146-386889[1105] Continued on next page 49

Table 28 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2020-03-23 TIM 1.52M EUR 1.06M EUR 2020/S 060-143470[887] 2021-06-16 Postel 1.50M EUR 1.05M EUR 2021/S 119-313182[1080] 2022-05-31 TIM 1.39M EUR 0.97M EUR 2022/S 107-302364[1357] 2021-07-22 TIM 1.38M EUR 0.97M EUR 2021/S 143-381297[1349] 2019-10-13 TIM 1.25M EUR 0.87M EUR 2019/S 201-489284[812] 2020-05-19 TIM 1.08M EUR 0.76M EUR 2020/S 099-237993[912] 2021-04-14 Postel 1.01M EUR 0.71M EUR 2021/S 076-193963[1047] Table 29: Publicly disclosed intermediated Irish awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 90.4 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2019-11-10 CDW Micromail SoftwareONE 120M EUR 84.0M EUR 2019/S 218-535883[822] 2021-10-07 Softcat 4.80M EUR 3.36M EUR 2021/S 199-519906[1160] 2021-11-11 Micromail 2.50M EUR 1.25M EUR 2021/S 223-587487[1183] 2021-12-19 Micromail 2.23M EUR 1.56M EUR 2021/S 250-663219[1200] 2020-10-22 Zarrdia 1.49M EUR 0.22M EUR 2020/S 210-513744[969] Table 30: Publicly disclosed intermediated Portuguese awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 72.9 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2020-07-22 Claranet 22.2M EUR 15.5M EUR 2020/S 143-351519[944] 2021-12-28 Claranet NOS 15.7M EUR 11.0M EUR 2022/S 001-000663[1203] 2018-12-25 Claranet 7.32M EUR 5.12M EUR 2018/S 249-575606[732] 2022-04-11 Claranet 7.26M EUR 5.08M EUR 2022/S 075-200437[1249] 2021-05-03 El Corte Ingl´es 5.56M EUR 3.89M EUR 2021/S 089-230633[1060] 2021-09-27 NOS 5.56M EUR 3.89M EUR 2021/S 191-495543[1159] 2020-12-16 El Corte Ingl´es 4.95M EUR 3.46M EUR 2020/S 249-620338[988] 2021-06-13 inetum 4.30M EUR 3.01M EUR 2021/S 117-307181[1078] 2022-05-11 inetum 3.85M EUR 2.69M EUR 2022/S 094-259311[1267] 2021-11-05 inetum 3.18M EUR 2.23M EUR 2021/S 218-573666[1179] 2022-05-31 NOS 2.64M EUR 1.85M EUR 2022/S 107-298288[1280] 2021-10-21 Claranet 1.91M EUR 1.34M EUR 2021/S 209-548007[1172] 2019-02-26 RTP 1.91M EUR 1.34M EUR 2019/S 043-098592[747] 2021-06-16 Claranet 1.85M EUR 0.92M EUR 2021/S 119-313276[1081] 2022-05-19 Claranet 1.83M EUR 0.91M EUR 2022/S 101-279587[1272] 2020-05-24 Claranet 1.65M EUR 1.15M EUR 2020/S 102-245733[916] 2020-05-24 Claranet 1.65M EUR 1.15M EUR 2020/S 103-248318[918] 2020-08-19 El Corte Ingl´es 1.51M EUR 1.06M EUR 2020/S 164-398432[951] 2022-06-06 inetum 1.42M EUR 1.00M EUR 2022/S 111-311312[1283] Continued on next page 50

Table 30 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-04-28 Claranet 1.27M EUR 0.89M EUR 2021/S 086-223725[1056] 2021-06-10 inetum 1.23M EUR 0.86M EUR 2021/S 115-301884[1077] 2022-08-21 inetum 1.22M EUR 0.85M EUR 2022/S 164-464295[1321] 2020-05-25 El Corte Ingl´es 1.22M EUR 0.85M EUR 2020/S 103-248704[919] 2022-05-26 Vinci 1.12M EUR 0.56M EUR 2022/S 105-293156[1277] 2020-08-04 El Corte Ingl´es 1.11M EUR 0.78M EUR 2020/S 153-374433[946] 2020-04-02 Vinci 1.10M EUR 0.77M EUR 2020/S 069-163819[894] 2020-10-12 El Corte Ingl´es 1.06M EUR 0.74M EUR 2020/S 202-488796[965] Table 31: Publicly disclosed intermediated Austrian awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 69.6 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-06-22 ACP 40.0M EUR 28.0M EUR 2021/S 122-323235[1087] 2020-04-14 SoftwareONE 37.0M EUR 25.9M EUR 2020/S 077-182910[901] 2021-07-12 DCCS 15.0M EUR 10.5M EUR 2021/S 136-360271[1097] 2018-11-11 DCCS 3.80M EUR 2.66M EUR 2018/S 219-501421[717] 2021-01-27 Software Broker 3.64M EUR 2.55M EUR 2021/S 022-052136[1019] Table 32: Publicly disclosed intermediated Croatian awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 62.4 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2022-07-14 Span Group Combis 35.6M EUR 24.9M EUR 2022/S 138-394357[1308] 2020-06-16 Span Group Combis 24.0M EUR 16.8M EUR 2020/S 119-288985[931] 2020-05-05 Combis 3.78M EUR 2.64M EUR 2020/S 091-216717[906] 2020-03-31 Span Group 25.8M HRK 18.1M HRK 2020/S 068-162687[893] 2021-05-27 Combis 2.77M EUR 1.94M EUR 2021/S 105-277856[1071] 2021-07-13 Combis 2.47M EUR 1.73M EUR 2021/S 137-365809[1100] 2020-07-14 Perpetuum Mobile Combis 15.0M HRK 10.5M HRK 2020/S 138-340076[942] 2018-09-26 Combis 2.04M EUR 1.43M EUR 2018/S 189-428414[711] 2020-08-31 Combis 1.83M EUR 1.28M EUR 2020/S 172-416089[958] 2021-10-17 Perpetuum Mobile Combis 13.2M HRK 9.25M HRK 2021/S 206-539048[1168] 2019-09-10 Combis 12.8M HRK 8.96M HRK 2019/S 178-434644[802] 2019-04-09 Perpetuum KING ICT 12.1M HRK 8.46M HRK 2019/S 074-175995[755] 2022-02-14 Combis 1.39M EUR 0.70M EUR 2022/S 035-088469[1225] 2021-07-22 Combis 1.32M EUR 0.92M EUR 2021/S 144-383764[1104] 2018-09-25 Combis 1.29M EUR 0.90M EUR 2018/S 188-424525[710] 2021-02-08 Combis 1.28M EUR 0.90M EUR 2021/S 030-072955[1027] Continued on next page 51

Table 32 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2020-03-19 Combis 9.65M HRK 6.76M HRK 2020/S 060-144078[888] Table 33: Publicly disclosed intermediated Slovenian awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 46.5 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-08-10 Softline 32.4M EUR 22.5M EUR 2021/S 157-416010[1145] 2022-02-27 SoftwareONE 4.98M EUR 3.49M EUR 2022/S 045-117805[1232] 2022-02-28 BE-terna 4.83M EUR 2.42M EUR 2022/S 045-118060[1233] 2022-08-04 Span 3.98M EUR 1.99M EUR 2022/S 153-438511[1318] 2019-01-20 SoftwareONE 3.84M EUR 2.69M EUR 2019/S 016-034705[738] 2020-04-14 Gambit trade 2.93M EUR 2.05M EUR 2020/S 077-181765[900] 2019-08-07 Span 2.61M EUR 1.83M EUR 2019/S 155-383775[796] 2021-02-24 Span 2.21M EUR 1.83M EUR 2021/S 042-104790[1033] 2018-09-05 Telekom Slovenije Span 1.98M EUR 1.39M EUR 2018/S 174-395160[704] 2020-12-17 BE-terna 1.94M EUR 0.97M EUR 2020/S 250-626303[989] 2021-08-22 Span 1.92M EUR 1.34M EUR 2021/S 166-434153[1149] 2020-08-19 Span 1.62M EUR 1.13M EUR 2020/S 164-399501[952] 2022-01-09 Span 1.50M EUR 1.05M EUR 2022/S 010-022079[1213] 2020-01-16 Span 1.33M EUR 0.93M EUR 2020/S 015-030556[863] 2019-09-26 Span 1.31M EUR 0.92M EUR 2019/S 190-463098[805] Table 34: Publicly disclosed intermediated Slovak awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30% and a contract between Exe and the Slovak railway services was excluded because it was unclear to the author if the procurement was for Microsoft products, or products meant to run on Microsoft’s platforms. Contracts which mentioned Microsoft Premier Support Services, but not software licenses themselves, were also excluded. The total of these estimations is 33.0 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2022-01-13 AUTOCONT 15.3M EUR 10.7M EUR 2022/S 013-029236[1218] 2021-10-28 Slovak Telekom 5.56M EUR 3.89M EUR 2021/S 213-561283[1176] 2022-01-13 DNS 5.19M EUR 3.63M EUR 2022/S 013-029160[1217] 2022-03-17 E.ON Group 3.97M EUR 2.78M EUR 2022/S 058-153238[1242] 2020-03-23 DNS 3.20M EUR 2.24M EUR 2020/S 061-146128[889] 2020-10-06 DNS 3.20M EUR 2.24M EUR 2020/S 198-480907[1337] 2020-03-25 DNS 3.20M EUR 2.24M EUR 2020/S 064-153904[1334] 2022-07-21 Exe Slovak Telekom SoftwareONE 2.36M EUR 1.42M EUR 2022/S 143-408988[1311] 2018-12-11 BSP DNS 2.16M EUR 1.08M EUR 2018/S 241-550130[725] 2019-10-29 AUTOCONT 1.71M EUR 1.19M EUR 2019/S 212-521140[819] 2020-12-28 Exe 1.37M EUR 0.69M EUR 2020/S 255-642486[995] Continued on next page 52

Table 34 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2022-04-25 Exe 1.33M EUR 0.93M EUR 2022/S 084-225101[1258] Table 35: Publicly disclosed intermediated Estonian awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 28.3 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-09-21 Telia GT Tarkvara ATEA Promise Primend 27.9M EUR 19.5M EUR 2021/S 187-486447[1158] 2018-12-20 GT Tarkvara 4.80M EUR 3.36M EUR 2018/S 248-573032[731] 2020-12-10 GT Tarkvara 2.20M EUR 1.54M EUR 2020/S 245-606944[984] 2021-09-08 Promise Primend 1.67M EUR 1.17M EUR 2021/S 178-463513[1154] 2018-08-01 Promise Primend 1.54M EUR 1.07M EUR 2018/S 150-344228[694] 2020-07-05 Promise 1.27M EUR 0.89M EUR 2020/S 132-323273[940] 2020-05-11 Promise 1.16M EUR 0.81M EUR 2020/S 095-226630[909] Table 36: Publicly disclosed intermediated Swiss awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 24.5 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2020-03-02 SoftwareONE 8.50M CHF 5.95M CHF 2020/S 046-109610[881] 2021-11-01 SoftwareONE 6.89M CHF 4.82M CHF 2021/S 215-567326[1177] 2018-09-11 Crayon 5.77M CHF 4.04M CHF 2018/S 177-402427[706] 2021-03-05 Crayon 5.38M CHF 3.77M CHF 2021/S 049-122180[1034] 2021-01-21 SoftwareONE 5.33M CHF 3.73M CHF 2021/S 018-043084[1016] 2019-06-20 SoftwareONE 4.65M CHF 3.25M CHF 2019/S 119-292781[771] 2020-10-08 SoftwareONE 1.84M CHF 1.29M CHF 2020/S 199-483771[964] 2021-07-12 Bechtle 1.12M CHF 0.78M CHF 2021/S 136-363740[1099] Table 37: Publicly disclosed intermediated Romanian awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 22.2 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2022-02-21 Asseco 30.0M RON 18.0M RON 2022/S 040-104827[1229] 2021-12-20 Asseco 26.1M RON 15.7M RON 2021/S 250-665055[1201] 2021-08-11 Asseco 25.3M RON 15.2M RON 2021/S 158-419193[1146] Continued on next page 53

Table 37 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-07-05 Asseco 21.7M RON 13.0M RON 2021/S 131-349302[1093] 2021-12-12 Asseco 11.3M RON 7.88M RON 2021/S 245-648276[1195] 2021-12-07 Asseco 9.96M RON 6.97M RON 2021/S 241-636486[1192] 2022-06-13 Asseco 13.0M RON 6.49M RON 2022/S 116-328288[1289] 2021-05-12 Asseco 10.8M RON 5.38M RON 2021/S 095-249958[1066] 2021-05-09 Asseco 7.95M RON 3.98M RON 2021/S 093-245174[1063] 2022-05-12 Crayon 6.07M RON 4.25M RON 2022/S 096-266762[1269] 2019-01-02 SoftwareONE 5.83M RON 4.08M RON 2019/S 005-006462[737] 2021-10-24 Crayon 5.39M RON 3.77M RON 2021/S 211-556820[1174] 2021-10-13 Crayon 5.39M RON 3.77M RON 2021/S 203-531524[1164] Table 38: Publicly disclosed intermediated Bulgarian awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 21.8 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2022-04-27 TBS 14.0M BGN 7.00M BGN 2022/S 086-233891[1264] 2019-07-04 TBS 13.9M BGN 6.95M BGN 2019/S 130-320103[782] 2021-06-06 Crayon 7.35M BGN 3.67M BGN 2021/S 112-295308[1076] 2019-10-21 Softline 6.80M BGN 4.76M BGN 2019/S 207-505569[817] 2022-04-25 Softline 5.40M BGN 3.78M BGN 2022/S 084-227012[1260] 2022-04-28 Softline 5.33M BGN 2.67M BGN 2022/S 087-237595[1355] 2019-12-29 TBS 4.76M BGN 2.38M BGN 2019/S 251-622440[850] 2020-12-03 Kontrax Progress Group 3.68M BGN 1.84M BGN 2020/S 240-594464[1341] 2022-07-06 TBS 3.46M BGN 2.42M BGN 2022/S 132-377671[1302] 2019-05-19 TBS 3.15M BGN 2.21M BGN 2019/S 099-240992[760] 2019-07-14 Softline 2.47M BGN 1.73M BGN 2019/S 137-337973[787] 2022-04-12 Softline 2.46M BGN 1.72M BGN 2022/S 075-203969[1253] 2019-10-03 TBS 2.29M BGN 1.60M BGN 2019/S 195-474349[810] Table 39: Publicly disclosed intermediated Icelandic awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 19.9 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-11-17 Opin Kerfi, Advania Origo, Crayon, TRS 4.00B ISK 2.80B ISK 2021/S 227-598889[1187] 54

Table 40: Publicly disclosed intermediated Lithuanian awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 17.1 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2019-12-27 ATEA 4.95M EUR 3.47M EUR 2019/S 250-620435[849] 2021-01-05 Squalio Group 2.75M EUR 1.92M EUR 2021/S 006-010128[998] 2022-02-28 Squalio Group 2.15M EUR 1.51M EUR 2022/S 045-115225[1231] 2019-11-12 ATEA 1.95M EUR 1.37M EUR 2019/S 220-539593[824] 2021-05-07 ATEA 1.92M EUR 1.34M EUR 2021/S 092-238174[1061] 2019-11-24 Squalio Group 1.74M EUR 1.22M EUR 2019/S 229-561876[831] 2019-08-20 Fortevento APN Promise 1.49M EUR 1.04M EUR 2019/S 162-398215[798] 2018-11-13 Blue Bridge 1.43M EUR 1.00M EUR 2018/S 220-503276[718] 2022-01-12 Fortevento APN Promise 1.35M EUR 0.95M EUR 2022/S 011-023292[1214] 2020-07-04 Squalio Group 1.27M EUR 0.89M EUR 2020/S 130-318881[937] 2018-10-15 Fortevento APN Promise 1.19M EUR 0.83M EUR 2018/S 202-458939[713] 2019-12-10 Fortevento APN Promise 1.14M EUR 0.80M EUR 2019/S 240-588858[839] 2019-12-16 ATEA 1.14M EUR 0.80M EUR 2019/S 244-599756[844] Table 41: Publicly disclosed intermediated Greek awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 13.0 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-01-13 OTE Group 22.9M EUR 11.5M EUR 2021/S 012-024655[1004] 2022-02-15 Byte 2.14M EUR 1.50M EUR 2022/S 036-092579[1227] Table 42: Publicly disclosed intermediated Maltese awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 5.53 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2020-11-03 CSL 3.88M EUR 2.33M EUR 2020/S 218-535704[973] 2020-10-28 CSL 3.88M EUR 2.33M EUR 2020/S 214-525285[1368] 2022-06-15 Squalio Group 1.24M EUR 0.87M EUR 2022/S 118-333567[1290] 55

Table 43: Publicly disclosed intermediated Luxembourgish awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 3.87 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2021-01-31 Econocom 3.91M EUR 2.74M EUR 2021/S 025-059281[1022] 2020-09-07 Schneider IT 1.62M EUR 1.13M EUR 2020/S 177-425668[959] Table 44: Publicly disclosed intermediated Liechtenstein awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 3.42 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2020-10-04 Bechtle 4.70M CHF 3.29M CHF 2020/S 197-478391[963] Table 45: Publicly disclosed intermediated Latvian awards for Microsoft products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 2.24 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Total Est. value Reference 2019-11-14 Squalio Group 2.04M EUR 1.22M EUR 2019/S 223-548334[829] 2020-05-27 APN Promise 1.70M EUR 1.02M EUR 2020/S 105-253657[921] Date Buyer Ceiling Est. value Reference 2021-11-23 Denmark 10.3B DKK 42.4M DKK 2021/S 230-603976[1188] 2021-06-24 Switzerland 550M CHF 110M CHF 2021/S 123-327216[1089] 2020-01-23 Switzerland 302M CHF 101M CHF 2020/S 017-038313[865] 2020-04-17 EU Commission 112M EUR 57.9M EUR 2020/S 081-189843[903] 2022-06-19 Switzerland 75M CHF 25M CHF 2022/S 120-342764[1292] 2021-01-20 Finland 385K EUR 325K EUR 2021/S 016-036905[1012] 2020-10-12 Finland 385K EUR 325K EUR 2020/S 202-491297[1367] 2021-02-01 Sweden 3.0M SEK 600K SEK 2021/S 025-061089[1025] Table 46: Publicly disclosed European Union and European Free Trade Association awards with Amazon Web Services as one of the named vendors since 2018 (excluding the UK) with a total value of at least 500,000 EUR. When per-recipient award amounts are unspecified, we estimate Amazon’s portion of the award by equally dividing the maximum contract value among the recipient vendors. The total estimated amount of AWS’s portion of these awards is $309 million. 56

Table 47: Publicly disclosed intermediated European Union and European Free Trade Association awards for AWS products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 60.3 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Buyer Total Est. value Reference 2020-08-12 Accenture, Capgemini IBM, Netcompany Systematic, Visma Denmark 3.00B DKK 300M DKK 2020/S 159-388541[950] 2022-07-28 BlackRock Luxembourg 13.5M EUR 3.37M EUR 2022/S 150-425460[1313] 2018-12-18 Cloudreach Norway 420M NOK 73.5M NOK 2018/S 246-566709[730] 2021-12-16 Deloitte Denmark 76.2M DKK 22.9M DKK 2021/S 248-657179[1197] 2022-01-10 Cronos Belgium 6.00M EUR 3.00M EUR 2022/S 010-020951[1212] 2021-02-10 Information Lab Luxembourg 5.25M EUR 1.31M EUR 2021/S 034-083758[1029] 2021-07-27 Fujitsu Germany 1.73M EUR 0.52M EUR 2021/S 147-392060[1106] 2020-10-22 Zarrdia Ireland 1.49M EUR 0.12M EUR 2020/S 210-513744[969] 2020-11-17 Tech Data Spain 1.20M EUR 0.84M EUR 2020/S 228-562336[975] Knowit Norway 10.0M NOK 2.50M NOK 2020/S 077-183099[902] Date Buyer Ceiling Est. value Reference 2018-12-03 Germany 0.01 EUR 0.01 EUR 2018/S 236-539890[724] Table 48: Publicly disclosed European Union and European Free Trade Association cloud computing awards with Google as one of the named vendors since 2018 (excluding the UK). When per-recipient award amounts are unspecified, we estimate Google’s portion of the award by equally dividing the maximum contract value among the recipient vendors. Date Buyer Ceiling Est. value Reference 2022-03-15 Germany 5.32M EUR 5.32M EUR 2022/S 055-144093[1240] 2022-01-28 Germany 5.32M EUR 5.32M EUR 2022/S 023-058765[1380] 2021-01-12 Austria 2.88M EUR 2.88M EUR 2021/S 010-019371[1002] 2022-03-03 Austria 2.58M EUR 2.58M EUR 2022/S 047-122727[1235] 2020-01-16 Austria 1.50M EUR 1.50M EUR 2020/S 013-026678[861] 2021-06-07 Italy 614K EUR 614K EUR 2021/S 112-293912[1074] Table 49: Publicly disclosed European Union and European Free Trade Association awards with Alphabet not ostensibly focused on cloud computing since 2018 (excluding the UK) with a total value of at least 500,000 EUR. When per-recipient award amounts are unspecified, we estimate Google’s portion of the award by equally dividing the maximum contract value among the recipient vendors. The total value is 18.2 million EUR. 57

Table 50: Publicly disclosed intermediated European Union and European Free Trade Association awards for Alphabet products whose since 2018 which have a value of at least 1 million EUR. Intermediary overhead rates were assumed at 30%. The total of these estimations is 41.1 million EUR. Date Intermediaries Buyer Total Est. value Reference 2018-12-18 Cloudreach Norway 420M NOK 73.5M NOK 2018/S 246-566709[730] 2022-08-01 TIM Italy 15.8M EUR 11.0M EUR 2022/S 150-427117[1314] 2022-03-15 TIM Italy 15.1M EUR 10.6M EUR 2022/S 055-141759[1239] 2022-05-26 Mindshare Italy 13.5M EUR 2.70M EUR 2022/S 104-291791[1276] 2021-01-13 Mindshare Italy 9.86M EUR 0.99M EUR 2021/S 012-025585[1007] 2022-03-07 Dentsu Poland 40.0M PLN 2.00M PLN 2022/S 050-129702[1237] 2021-12-13 Gda´nskie Centrum Multimedialne Poland 15.4M PLN 0.77M PLN 2021/S 245-647070[1194] 2021-11-17 Gda´nskie Centrum Multimedialne Poland 15.4M PLN 0.77M PLN 2021/S 226-595866[1375] 2022-01-04 Fragile, Alpdest, BeSocial et al. Czech Republic 143M CZK 28.6M CZK 2022/S 006-012410[1208] 2022-05-09 Magnas Media Czech republic 33.1M CZK 6.61M CZK 2022/S 093-256806[1265] 2022-05-11 Innovaway, Injenia Italy 3.36M EUR 1.76M EUR 2022/S 095-263164[1268] 2022-03-15 Connelly Partners, 256 Ireland 2.50M EUR 0.38M EUR 2022/S 056-147367[1241] 2020-04-05 Crayon Norway 21.0M NOK 1.05M NOK 2020/S 071-169922[896] 2020-01-06 Knowit Norway 20.0M NOK 10.0M NOK 2020/S 005-007613[855] 2019-11-18 Los & Co Norway 17.5M NOK 1.75M NOK 2019/S 224-550818[830] 2021-10-25 Lounge Group Hungary 980M HUF 147M HUF 2021/S 211-554803[1173] 2021-06-01 Lounge Group Hungary 783M HUF 117M HUF 2021/S 107-281740[1072] 2021-11-18 Lounge Group Hungary 700M HUF 105M HUF 2021/S 227-598198[1185] 2020-01-26 Irismedia Spain 1.52M EUR 0.23M EUR 2020/S 020-044652[870] 2020-12-13 OMD Finland 1.50M EUR 0.30M EUR 2020/S 247-613295[985] 2022-02-14 Roxer Hungary 616M HUF 92.4M HUF 2022/S 035-089848[1226] 2022-05-30 MyAd Marketing Hungary 580M HUF 87.0M HUF 2022/S 107-300579[1281] 2019-07-17 Increnta Spain 1.25M EUR 0.25M EUR 2019/S 138-340687[788] 2022-06-09 de Rolf, Buyitdirect, Odin Netherlands 1.19M EUR 0.18M EUR 2022/S 113-318111[1284] 2020-10-26 Familie Redlich Germany 1.17M EUR 0.23M EUR 2020/S 212-518737[970] 2021-01-18 Devoteam Norway 10.9M NOK 2.18M NOK 2021/S 015-034981[1010] 58

4 United Kingdom Analysis of American tech giant contracts with the United Kingdom is significantly simpler than with the United States and the European Union: beyond the smaller volume of contracts, the only significant classified award to recently make the news is Amazon Web Services’ contract with GCHQ, MI5, and MI6. (We took the midpoint within Financial Times’ estimation that the value contract value was between £500 million and £1 billion.) That the British intelligence services would allow their own cloud to be run by perhaps the leading cloud supplier to American intelligence should come as no surprise given the two countries’ “special relationship” and reported partnerships on mass internet surveillance (such as Tempora and XKEYSCORE). The United Kingdom’s infamous early 2020 withdrawal from the European Union requires us to make use the United Kingdom component of the European Union’s Tenders Electronic Daily alongside our primary source, the UK Contracts Finder. According to our analysis of these two data sets, the largest recent UK government contract with Amazon, Microsoft, or Alphabet is – for a change – not for defense or intelligence, but for weather and climate simulation. The £1.03 billion contract between the Met Office and Microsoft was officially titled “Supercomputing 2020+”. And, as reported by Data Center Dynamics in June of this year, the UK government settled with French information technology company Atos over claims that the Met Office violated procurement law in its determination that Atos’s bid was non-compliant. Beyond AWS’s contract with UK intelligence services and Microsoft’s with the Met Office, the largest contract is £750 million to supply the Cabinet Office with cloud computing. The contract is split nine ways between AWS, Microsoft, Google, Oracle, IBM, and four other vendors. And one of the other four vendors, UKCloud, specializes in providing “sovereign cloud” capabilities to the UK government and has steadily lost market share to Amazon; the Cabinet Office reportedly told UKCloud users to migrate to other providers last year.61 Despite Microsoft’s Met Office cloud contract being worth £1 billion vs. AWS’s estimated £750 million with the UK intelligence services, if we restrict ourselves to direct contracts, AWS more than makes up for the difference through a string of contracts with the Home Office, Ministry of Justice, Revenue & Customs, and the Department for Work & Pensions (see tables 51 and 52). After further including direc awards not ostensibly focused on cloud computing (see tables 54 and 57), we estimated Amazon’s direct post-2018 revenue from the UK government is just over £2 billion, versus Microsoft’s £1.4 billion. (As shown in tables 53 and 56, we estimated Alphabet at receiving less than £86 million over the same period.) But the balance qualitatively changes once we include indirect revenue: as shown in Tables 58 and 55, we estimated Microsoft as receiving an additional £1.46 billion in indirect revenue versus Amazon’s £8.05 million. When both direct and indirect revenue estimates are combined, Microsoft’s total becomes £2.84 billion versus Amazon’s £1.95 billion and Alphabet’s £85.6 million. 61Despite the framing of the competition between UKCloud and Amazon Web Services as opposition to American tech giants, UKCloud is closely partnered with VMware. 59

Table 58: Publicly disclosed intermediated UK government contracts for Microsoft products since 2018 worth at least £2.5 million. Intermediary overhead rates were, by default, estimated at 30%; in the case of Methods’ Azure/AWS award, we halved Azure’s assumed percentage after the usual overhead. We did not include the £4.71 million Accenture contract for “managing and operating Cloud platforms (AWS and MS Azure)” because it appeared to be focused on labor rather than cloud acquisition. We further avoided inclusion of Project 421, which appears to be a duplicate of tender 177117/694012, and Littlefish’s Azure and Oracle Cloud ServiceDesk Capability contract with the Care Quality Commission. And Through Technology’s contract with the Ministry of Justice was excluded because it was unclear whether Through was responsible for the Azure bill. The total of these estimations is £1.46 billion, of which £716 million (roughly 49%) was noted as involving militaries, intelligence, or law enforcement. Date Intermediary Buyer Total Est. value Reference 2022-06-07 Boxxe Defence Digital £292M £204M CCIT22A01[490] 2019-06-20 Boxxe Ministry of Defence £191M £133M CCSO19A38[503] 2018-04-29 Bytes NHS £163M £114M CCSO18A15[487] 2018-05-25 Bytes NHS £158M £111M tender 177117/694012[526] 2019-05-31 Softcat Revenue & Customs £105M £73.5M SR201666964[479] 2022-05-31 Trustmarque Ministry of Justice £96M £67.2M tender 288484/1075260[529] 2022-06-01 Trustmarque Ministry of Justice £83M £58.1M tender 288482/1075802[446] 2020-04-01 Softcat Work & Pensions £70.8M £49.6M tender 200593/848635[432] 2019-05-31 Trustmarque Ministry of Justice £57.5M £40.3M tender 105223/799685[530] 2020-06-30 Phoenix Defra Network £46.5M £32.6M tender 233987/888873[492] 2020-05-31 Bytes Education £45.5M £31.8M tender 237759/888449[399] 2020-03-31 Phoenix Home Office £42.1M £29.5M CF-0130200D58000000L5A4EAK1[502] 2020-12-08 Insight Cheshire East £35.0M £24.5M 20 092[493] 2021-06-01 Softcat Nuclear Decomm. £33.6M £23.5M NDA/00913[551] 2022-03-31 Trustmarque Care Quality Comm. £25.8M £18.1M CF-0666500D0O000000rwimUAA2[429] 2018-06-30 CDW Education £25.7M £18.0M RD1001518[384] 2022-04-01 Trustmarque Health Security £20.0M £14.0M CF-0718200D0O000000rwimUAA2[470] 2021-04-01 Bytes BCP Council £18.0M £12.6M BOURN001-DN526112-89457037[570] 2019-11-01 Softcat Richmondshire £16.9M £11.8M RICHDC001-DN436272-38368025[410] 2021-04-01 Phoenix Essex & Kent Police £12.9M £9.05M 7F-2020-0156[?][357] 2021-04-30 Phoenix London & Quadrant £12.3M £8.59M ICT00244[467] 2021-06-30 Insight South Yorkshire Police £11.8M £8.28M 2354-2021[458] 2022-06-01 Trustmarque NHS £11.3M £7.91M CF-0984700D0O000000rwimUAA1[535] 2021-03-31 Phoenix Norfolk Police £10.7M £7.50M 7F-2020-0156[356] 2022-05-31 Phoenix Student Loans £10.2M £7.14M 2022-TR-0003[476] 2019-06-01 Trustmarque Revenue & Customs £10.0M £7.00M SR183824545[439] 2022-03-30 SCC Land Registry £9.33M £6.53M HMLR700604[443] 2022-03-31 Boxxe South Yorkshire Police £9.27M £6.49M 2575-2021[457] 2020-12-31 Phoenix Ministry of Housing £9.08M £6.35M CPD4121070[436] 2019-09-30 Trustmarque Crown Prosecution £8.57M £6.00M PR 69 2019[498] 2020-03-31 Softcat Birmingham City £8.28M £5.79M CCSO19B12[472] 2021-03-31 Boxxe DFSA £8.00M £5.60M K280021211[402] 2022-06-28 Bytes Education £7.93M £5.55M tender 306550/1091547[496] 2020-09-30 Phoenix Defra Network £7.80M £5.46M tender 250455/1001207[453] 2022-03-31 Phoenix Lancashire County £7.54M £5.28M JA/ICT/LCC/22/1703[552] 2018-06-30 Phoenix South Yorkshire Police £7.53M £5.27M 1651-2017[546] 2022-03-31 SCC NHS £7.46M £5.22M CF-0837700D0O000000rwimUAA1[464] 2022-03-31 Bytes Coventry City £7.20M £5.04M COV-12765[462] 2021-03-31 Insight Financial Ombudsman £7.05M £4.94M tender 137728/1043257[564] 2021-06-30 Bytes Kent County £7.00M £4.90M KENT001-DN500499-37258327[567] 2022-01-31 Trustmarque MHRA £7.00M £4.90M CF-0710600D0O000000rwimUAA2[438] 2021-01-31 Hitachi Health & Social Care £7.00M £0 CF-0147800D0O000000rwimUAA1[401] 2022-06-30 Phoenix NHS £6.91M £2.42M PRO1002548[494] 2020-10-30 Phoenix DVLA £6.89M £4.82M PS/20/150[547] 2022-03-28 Insight Derbyshire County £6.80M £4.76M DERBSCC001-DN606189-49003106[382] Continued on next page 60

Table 58 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediary Buyer Total Est. value Reference 2021-08-08 Trustmarque Health & Social Care £6.69M £4.68M CF-0313700D0O000000rwimUAA1[433] 2020-12-31 Phoenix Hampshire County £6.62M £4.63M CR15232[491] 2021-03-31 Phoenix East Suffolk & North Essex £6.50M £4.55M b0aee808-51b9-422e-8644-4752beae8344[379] 2022-07-01 Trustmarque NHS £6.34M £4.44M C80017[497] 2021-02-28 Phoenix Norfolk Police £6.30M £4.41M 7F-2020-0156[358] 2022-03-31 Trustmarque Manchester City £6.23M £4.36M MANC001-DN580339-57164975[571] 2020-12-31 SoftwareONE Ministry of Justice £6.05M £4.23M tender 253189/931284[423] 2019-06-30 Phoenix Wiltshire Council £5.86M £4.10M CCSO19A02[508] 2021-05-26 SCC NHS £5.83M £4.08M CF-0747700D0O000000rwimUAA1[485] 2019-11-30 Phoenix Essex County £5.75M £4.02M 0813[549] 2020-09-08 Phoenix NHS £5.57M £3.90M 909[533] 2021-03-31 Insight West Mercia Police £5.54M £3.88M 11012[473] 2020-09-20 Softcat Cambridgeshire County £5.45M £3.82M LGSS001-DN478445-20329628[381] 2018-05-31 Trustmarque capitalEsourcing £5.39M £3.77M tender 149994/685194[465] 2018-05-08 Bytes Education £5.34M £3.74M RD1001476[504] 2020-06-30 Bytes Wolverhampton City £5.28M £3.69M CWC20156[463] 2020-06-30 Bytes Norfolk & Norwich U. £5.27M £3.69M 16cab820-af48-4921-b2cf-361b600f1011[378] 2019-08-31 Bytes Suffolk County £5.25M £3.68M CD0855-3[489] 2021-03-31 SCC Lancashire Police £5.18M £3.63M BLPD 47408[447] 2020-01-31 Softcat Uni. of Lincoln £5.10M £3.57M BIP461613918[415] 2018-06-30 Bytes Bristol City £5.00M £3.50M BRISTOLCC001-DN339911-40164432[450] 2019-05-31 SoftwareONE Transport £4.98M £3.49M TIT0030[484] 2019-06-30 Bytes Highways England £4.90M £3.43M ITPD0143[499] 2018-08-31 Trustmarque High Speed Two £4.90M £3.43M tender 173421/697779[362] 2021-03-31 Bytes Gloucestershire County £4.82M £3.38M GLOSCC001-DN527530-07863577[478] 2021-03-22 Methods Home Office £4.80M £1.68M CF-0184200D58000000L5A4EAK3[387] 2021-03-31 ANS Group NHS £4.77M £3.34M CF-0398200D0O000000rwimUAA3[372] 2021-06-21 Insight NHS £4.76M £3.33M CF-0899800D0O000000rwimUAA1[512] 2021-04-30 Trustmarque Cabinet Office £4.72M £3.31M CDIO-49[452] 2022-06-30 Trustmarque Leicestershire County £4.69M £3.28M LEICSCC001-DN614712-22992718[466] 2021-06-24 Bytes Education £4.63M £3.24M tender 250906/978700[448] 2022-06-30 Trustmarque West Northamptonshire £4.61M £3.23M WNC00000130[561] 2022-02-28 Bytes Liverpool University £4.60M £3.22M eb4dc93c-3b28-4745-b95d-0611fc4953e6[380] 2022-03-31 Trustmarque NHS £4.54M £3.18M CF-0806400D0O000000rwimUAA1[461] 2020-02-29 Sol-Tec Education £4.50M £0 tender 236285/872590[445] 2020-06-30 Trustmarque High Speed Two £4.50M £3.15M tender 242284/864965[444] 2019-12-31 Softcat North Yorkshire County £4.50M £3.15M NYCC001-DN421761-21356145[501] 2019-06-24 Bytes Education £4.50M £3.15M RD1002320[449] 2021-02-07 Phoenix Hull City Council £4.49M £3.14M DN502924[405] 2021-04-30 Civica London Borough £4.49M £3.14M ENFLD001-DN526099-58990421[440] 2021-08-31 Phoenix University of Bristol £4.43M £3.10M tender 266445/999199[495] 2022-06-30 Softcat Lincolnshire County £4.35M £3.05M LINCOLN001-DN619222-67345792[562] 2019-07-07 Bytes Liverpool City £4.28M £3.00M LPOOL001-DN414839-12398110[505] 2022-03-31 Computacenter West Sussex County £4.20M £2.94M WSCC - JS[581] 2019-03-31 Phoenix Transport Police £4.20M £2.94M BTP/CON/092[483] 2018-06-30 SoftwareONE Guiness Partnership £4.15M £2.90M TGP286[548] 2020-02-26 Boxxe Competition & Markets £4.12M £2.88M PROC-91-2020[480] 2022-07-11 CGI Defence £4.11M £2.88M RM6100CES0145[374] 2021-07-01 CoreAzure Food Standards £4.00M £2.80M tender 284630/999952[409] 2021-06-30 Bytes Bristol City £4.00M £2.80M BRISTOLCC001-DN553238-34487484[451] 2019-03-31 CPS Falmouth Exeter £4.00M £0 1401FXPLUS[442] 2020-03-31 Insight Bradford Metropolitan £3.95M £2.77M BFDMDC001-DN473187-72089593[481] 2019-06-30 Trustmarque Blood Services £3.75M £2.62M NHSBT1222[507] 2020-09-30 Bytes Leeds City £3.71M £2.60M LEEDSCITY001-DN501879-28643936[471] 2021-05-01 Phoenix NHS £3.68M £2.58M BIP591719773[417] 2021-03-31 Trustmarque Care Quality Comm. £3.63M £2.54M CQC I&D 002[477] 2020-03-31 Bytes Health & Safety £3.60M £2.52M 1.11.4.3581[488] Continued on next page 61

Table 58 – continued from previous page. Date Intermediary Buyer Total Est. value Reference 2019-01-06 Insight Oxfordshire County £3.59M £2.51M OXFS001-DN362719-63871115[456] 2021-04-30 Pugh Uni. of Southampton £3.50M £2.45M 2020UoS-0218[574] 2019-10-31 Sol-Tec Education £3.50M £0 RD1002017-1[412] 2021-07-01 Phoenix Insolvency £3.44M £2.41M TIS0449[511] 2021-02-28 Phoenix London Boroughs £3.41M £2.39M BIP580895593[416] 2018-03-31 SCC Land Registry £3.28M £2.30M 2018025[510] 2022-03-31 Trustmarque Health Education £3.19M £2.23M CF-0740800D0O000000rwimUAA1[509] 2022-06-29 Bytes Brighton & Hove £3.18M £2.23M ESCC - 033908[376] 2022-02-28 Cognizant National Highways £3.16M £2.21M ITIP0276[435] 2022-05-16 Phoenix Newcastle City £3.14M £2.20M 007779[352] 2021-05-31 Softcat Newcastle Uni. £3.05M £2.14M NCL001-DN534550-15595017[536] 2020-05-31 Phoenix Home Office £3.00M £2.10M CF-0249400D58000000L5A4EAK1[373] 2021-08-31 Phoenix Sheffield Hallam Uni. £3.00M £2.10M 2021-36-DTS-DF[455] 2019-03-31 Bytes BCP Council £3.00M £2.10M BOURN001-DN404958-84954974[460] 2019-01-31 Bytes Somerset County £3.00M £2.10M DN375963[550] 2019-01-31 Trustmarque MHRA £3.00M £2.10M project 4321/ecm 6199[437] 2021-03-31 Hitachi Revenue & Customs £3.00M £0 ITP1527 - SR593992139[575] 2019-02-28 Trustmarque Leicestershire County £2.96M £2.07M LEICSCC001-DN386911-18015429[500] 2018-04-30 Insight Cheshire East £2.91M £2.03M CHEAST001-DN324347-88704823[353] 2019-02-28 Trustmarque Shropshire Council £2.80M £1.96M BIP370046906[419] 2019-10-31 Sol-Tec Education £2.80M £0 RD1002017-2[411] 2022-06-30 Bytes South Gloucestershire £2.76M £1.93M SGLOS001-DN610208-64732727[474] 2018-08-13 SoftwareONE Nottinghamshire Police £2.75M £1.92M CN1001850[486] 2019-03-31 Sol-Tec Education £2.75M £0 RD1002017[375] 2019-12-31 Insight Kirklees County £2.73M £1.91M KIRKC001-DN447315-05379335[430] 2021-03-31 Civica London Borough £2.69M £1.88M ENFLD001-DN545127-93114831[441] 2021-04-30 Phoenix Sunderland City £2.63M £1.84M SUN001-DN530068-54657764[569] 2021-04-30 Phoenix Southend-on-sea Borough £2.61M £1.83M DN526000[468] 2020-06-30 SCC Bank of England £2.61M £1.83M BOE001-DN485545-62812065[459] 2021-12-31 Phoenix North East Lincolnshire £2.51M £1.75M NELINCS001-DN562714-23262730[469] 4.0.1 Comparison between procurement and taxes Through the summation of reported UK (total current) taxes of the five leaf Microsoft subsidiaries listed in Fig. 33 over the fiscal years ending in June 2017 through June 2021, we found that Microsoft has reported a total of £191M in payments over said five year period.62 Given that our estimate of Microsoft’s post￾2018 procurement revenue from Tables 52 and 57 was roughly £1.4 billion, we conclude that Microsoft is receiving roughly seven times as much in contracts from the UK government as it paid in taxes. In the case of Amazon, we estimate more than £300 million more in revenue than in taxes paid, albeit with a much lower ratio than for Microsoft (£2.0 billion versus £1.7 billion). According to a combination of reports from the Fair Tax Foundation and Amazon itself, Amazon paid the UK government £4.6 million in 2017, £220 million in 2018, £293 million in 2019, £492 million in 2020, and £648 million in 2021.63 Given Alphabet’s dramatically lower amount of public contract revenue from the UK government, it should not come as a surprise that its UK tax bill is much larger than its UK government revenue. Using the most recent five years of reported (current total) UK taxes for Google UK Limited – for the years ending June 2016 through June 2020 – we find a five year tax bill of £281 million versus their less than £86 million in contracts. 62We combined the annual reports for Microsoft Limited, Microsoft Research Limited, Microsoft System Marketing Limited, LinkedIn Technology UK Limited, and Microsoft Properties UK Limited. 63As was the case for the U.S., our procurement analysis uses the frontloaded revenue from 2018 through present (with an exception in the U.S. in the case of JWCC), whereas the tax analysis uses fiscal years 2017 through 2021. The tax analysis spans five fiscal years whereas the procurement analysis is slightly less than five (albeit roughly a year more recent). 62

Date Buyer Ceiling Est. value Reference 2021-10-26 GCHQ/MI5/MI6 £750M* £750M* Financial Times[1385] 2021-05-05 Cabinet Office £750M £83.3M RM6111[383] 2019-08-01 YPO £400M £13.8M YPO001-DN387210-63601854[582] 2020-12-01 Home Office £120M £120M CF-0129200D58000000L5A4EAK3[556] 2019-12-12 Home Office £100M £25M* CF-0091700D58000000L5A4EAK2[557] 2021-04-01 Revenue & Customs £94.0M £94.0M HMRC AWS006 Compute (OGVA)[428] 2020-12-01 Dept. Work & Pensions £57.0M £57.0M tender 235891/907591[365] 2020-09-01 Revenue & Customs £41.0M £41.0M AWS HMRC004 - Compute[371] 2021-05-01 Ministry of Justice £23.9M £23.9M tender 253864/956718[553] 2019-04-18 Revenue & Customs £20.0M £20.0M HMRC AWS002[425] 2021-05-06 NHS Ed. for Scotland £15.0M £15.0M 2021/S 092-240128[554] 2021-07-01 Cabinet Office £12.0M £12.0M WP1960[579] 2021-04-08 Dept. Health & Social Care £9.00M £9.00M CF-0181000D0O000000rwimUAA1[420] 2019-10-01 Ministry of Justice £9.00M £9.00M tender 216243/852862[555] 2021-02-01 Driver & Vehicle Standards £7.70M £7.70M K280021246[537] 2021-04-01 Driver & Vehicle Licensing £6.74M £6.74M PS/20/277A[543] 2020-07-01 Government Digital Service £6.62M £6.62M WP1872[578] 2021-03-01 Companies House £5.00M £5.00M CH-ITT-255[367] 2020-03-01 Land Registry £4.80M £4.80M 2020036[558] 2021-03-01 Land Registry £4.50M £4.50M HMLR700445[393] 2018-06-11 DVLA £4.00M £4.00M PS/18/71[366] 2021-01-01 Defra Network eTendering £3.50M £1.75M tender 253008/920596[363] 2019-07-01 Government Digital Service £3.35M £3.35M WP1752[577] 2020-05-22 UK Shared Business Services £3.30M £3.30M DDaT20108 - AWS Web Hosting[396] 2019-08-01 Dept. Work & Pensions £3.10M £3.10M AWS G10 21729 Hyperscale Compute[370] 2020-06-01 Driver & Vehicle Licensing £2.40M £2.40M PS/20/54[544] 2021-08-01 Dept. for Int’l Trade £2.23M £2.23M tender 280379/986347[576] 2020-04-01 Office for National Statistics £2.00M £2.00M PU-20-0309[359] 2020-08-01 Revenue & Customs £2.00M £2.00M HMRC AWS005 - ProServe[427] 2021-02-01 FCDO £2.00M £2.00M CPG/6232/2021[408] 2020-08-21 Dept. Health & Social Care £2.00M £2.00M CF-0028100D0O000000rwimUAA1[573] 2018-09-28 NHS Digital £2.00M £2.00M tender 163738/800820[364] 2021-11-01 London Borough of Hackney £1.07M £1.07M HACK001-DN590187-56365329[385] 2019-04-04 Revenue & Customs £0.95M £0.95M HMRC AWS003[426] 2021-06-02 Peterborough City Council £0.73M £0.73M PCC001-DN554168-43994304[369] 2021-10-01 National Archives £0.71M £0.71M TNA383[368] 2018-03-21 Land Registry £0.59M £0.59M 2018026[559] 2021-04-01 Police ICT Company £0.56M £0.56M PICTN-0128-2021[541] 2020-09-28 Cabinet Office £0.52M £0.52M CCIT20A05[560] 2020-01-31 London Borough of Hackney £0.50M £0.50M HACK001-DN468660-49989556[542] 2020-06-18 National Archives £0.50M £0.50M TNA301[386] 2018-08-01 Disclosure & Barring Service £0.50M £0.50M C13719[361] Table 51: United Kingdom awards with Amazon Web Services as one of the named vendors publicly disclosed since 2018 with a total value of at least £500K. When per-recipient award amounts are unspecified, we estimate Amazon’s portion of the award by equally dividing the maximum contract value among the recipient vendors. In the case of the GCHQ/MI5/MI6 award,[1385] we use the center of the estimated £500M-£1B range reported by the Financial Times and date the contract based upon the publication of the reporting. The estimated total of these awards is £1.42 billion, of which £930 million (roughly 66%) was noted as involving militaries, intelligence, or law enforcement. The GCHQ/MI5/MI6 award estimate of £750M alone dominates the combined £670M of other estimates from awards with ceilings of at least £500K. (*) In the case of the December 12, 2019 Home Office award, a request to the Home Office in regards to its replacement by a contract the next year clarified that the combined value should only make use of the first year’s spend (of four) of the first contract. 63

Date Buyer Ceiling Est. value Reference 2021-05-09 Met Office £1.03B £1.03B 2021/S 093-245699[568] 2021-05-05 Cabinet Office £750M £83.3M RM6111[383] 2022-06-30 NHS £6.91M £3.46M PRO1002548 2018-08-10 Wiltshire Council £5.63M £5.63M WILTS001-DN359380-28627565[390] 2021-10-05 Revenue and Customs £5.02M £5.02M CW35325[406] 2020-11-13 Ministry of Justice £3.75M £3.75M tender 249887/902420[431] 2020-11-16 Ministry of Justice £3.13M £3.13M tender 240682/903160[424] 2018-10-26 Student Loans £2.80M £2.80M BIP354393514[414] 2021-01-04 Livestock Info. £2.21M £2.21M 6GBR2010-317447-384655[388] 2021-08-31 Public Health £2.16M £2.16M CF-0283500D0O000000rwimUAA2[540] 2022-01-19 Revenue & Customs £1.92M £1.92M SR823186217[520] 2022-05-30 Ministry of Justice £1.86M £1.86M tender 295583/1075146[514] 2021-09-06 Clarion Housing £1.78M £1.78M RM1557.12[518] 2021-09-17 Revenue & Customs £1.70M £1.70M SR467456761[519] 2022-03-22 Education £1.55M £1.55M tender 300275/1054103[516] 2021-04-16 Education £1.52M £1.52M tender 251453/952562[515] 2021-06-11 Public Health £1.51M £1.51M tender 270376/971615[538] 2020-11-17 Education £1.37M £1.37M tender 251450/889815[400] 2020-10-23 Ministry of Justice £1.30M £1.30M tender 251638/897677[389] 2022-05-11 Home Office £1.08M £1.08M CF-0244500D58000000L5A4EAK1[517] 2021-08-02 Defra Network £1.02M £1.02M tender 277631/984727[522] 2021-06-03 Ministry of Justice £1.00M £1.00M tender 265249/968621[422] 2021-10-25 Work & Pensions £1.00M £1.00M tender 283968/1008406[523] 2021-09-16 Work & Pensions £1.00M £1.00M tender 250747/998212[521] 2021-08-16 Ministry of Justice £986K £986K tender 262147/988914[407] 2020-01-16 Southampton City Council £855K £855K EC09/01/2934[434] 2021-11-16 Cabinet Office £600K £600K CCZX21A64[545] 2022-04-29 NDA Shared Services £573K £573K 20220429142701-3510[355] 2021-01-04 NDA Shared Services £555K £555K 20210104123544-3510[391] 2022-01-07 Work & Pensions £555K £555K tender 290611/1031092[394] 2020-11-12 Ministry of Justice £532K £532K tender 249921/902045[563] Table 52: United Kingdom cloud computing (and supercomputing) awards with Microsoft as one of the named vendors publicly disclosed since 2018 with a total value of at least £500,000. The total of the estimated values is £1.17 billion, of which £1.03 billion came from the Met Office supercom￾puting contract. When per-recipient award amounts are unspecified, we estimate Microsoft’s portion of the award by equally dividing the maximum contract value among the recipient vendors. Date Buyer Ceiling Est. value Reference 2021-05-05 Cabinet Office £750M £83.3M RM6111[383] 2021-02-16 Culture Media & Sport £1.80M £1.80M 102163[395] 2022-02-14 Digital Service £136K £136K WP1987[580] Table 53: United Kingdom cloud computing awards with Google as one of the named vendors publicly disclosed since 2018 with a total value of at least £100,000. When per-recipient award amounts are unspecified, we estimate Google’s portion of the award by equally dividing the maximum contract value among the recipient vendors. The total is £85.2 million. 64

Date Buyer Ceiling Est. value Reference 2019-03-27 YPO £350M £350M 2019S063-146571[351] 2022-01-14 NEUPC £80.0M £80.0M BIP665752521[404] 2021-03-02 Ministry of Justice £8.00M £8.00M tender 248778/932063[392] 2020-03-26 Health & Social Care £8.00M £8.00M CF-0046700D0O000000rwimUAA1[360] 2022-04-11 University of Derby £600K £600K PROC DMC DA/638[403] 2020-05-06 Royal Holloway, U London £600K £600K BIP496460760[413] Table 54: Publicly disclosed United Kingdom awards with Amazon since 2018 with a total value of at least £500,000 which were not ostensibly focused on cloud computing. Beyond the £1.42 billion total estimation of the AWS awards listed in Table 51, this table contributes an additional £519 million (for a total of £1.94 billion). Date Intermediary Buyer Total Amount Est. value Reference 2019-03-17 Kainos Public Health £6.27M £4.71M tender 242099/885807[539] 2021-03-22 Methods Home Office £4.80M £1.68M CF-0184200D58000000L5A4EAK3[387] 2021-07-01 IBM Revenue & Customs £4.73M £1.66M zCloud WMF AWS[583] Table 55: Publicly disclosed intermediated UK government contracts for Amazon products since 2018 worth at least £500,000. Intermediary overhead rates were, by default, estimated at 30%; in the cases of IBM’s zCloud/AWS award and Methods’ Azure/AWS award, we halved AWS’s assumed percentage after the usual overhead. We did not include Equal Experts’ £20 million Multi Digital Tax Platform contract with H M Revenue & Customs because the procurement appeared to be purely labor focused. The same went for the £6.3 million Equal Experts and Kainos contracts with H M Revenue & Customs to “build and maintain” the Buyer Transaction Monitoring and Customer Insight Platform in AWS, the £6.0 million Made Tech and Equal Experts contracts for a Continuous Integration-Continuous Delivery capability, and the £4.71 million Accenture contract for “managing and operating Cloud platforms (AWS and MS Azure)”. And the same is true for the contract between Coforge – formerly Incessant Technologies to convert Revenue & Customs’ Case Management technology to AWS. The total of these estimations is £8.05 million. Date Buyer Ceiling Est. value Reference 2022-06-01 U. Bedfordshire £300K £300K BH[565] 2019-10-15 Business Bank £108K £108K BIP437281840[418] Table 56: United Kingdom awards with Alphabet as one of the named vendors publicly disclosed since 2018 with a total value of at least £100,000 which are not ostensibly focused on cloud computing. When per-recipient award amounts are unspecified, we estimate Google’s portion of the award by equally dividing the maximum contract value among the recipient vendors. The total is £408,000. 65

Date Buyer Ceiling Est. value Reference 2020-07-31 NHS £1.25B £48.1M 2020/S 150-369126[421] 2018-04-18 Work & Pensions £43.7M £43.7M ecm 4343a[482] 2022-07-07 Ministry of Defence £31.0M £31.0M DDSFTW/060[524] 2020-06-02 FCO £18.0M £18.0M CPG/4487/2020[506] 2020-06-25 Ministry of Defence £17.8M £17.8M BIP88079944[397] 2020-05-21 Ministry of Defence £17.8M £17.8M BIP85214190[398] 2018-07-09 Ministry of Defence £9.62M £9.62M CCT 582[513] 2019-04-29 Bristol City Council £9.60M £9.60M BRISTOLCC001-DN404254-77842540[377] 2021-06-30 Care Quality Commission £6.80M £1.70M CQC I&D 005 2018-02-21 Ministry of Justice £4.13M £4.13M RP092.1[525] 2022-05-25 NHS £2.20M £2.20M CF-0862600D0O000000rwimUAA1[528] 2022-07-08 Met Office £1.74M £1.74M P110968[572] 2021-09-17 Ministry of Justice £1.51M £1.51M tender 255241/998398[566] 2022-05-25 NHS £1.44M £1.44M CF-0854400D0O000000rwimUAA1[527] 2021-11-05 Ministry of Justice £1.41M £1.41M tender 105223/1011831[531] 2022-04-04 Defra Network £975K £975K tender 298751/1058074[534] 2022-02-03 Nursing & Midwifery £914K £914K CON-00000388[454] 2022-05-25 NHS £847K £847K CF-0861900D0O000000rwimUAA1[475] 2019-09-20 Ministry of Justice £635K £635K tender 105223/799707[532] 2022-04-29 NDA Shared Services £545K £545K 20220429143030-3510[354] Table 57: Publicly disclosed United Kingdom awards with Microsoft since 2018 with a total value of at least £500K which were not ostensibly focused on cloud computing. Beyond the £1.17 billion total estimation of the Microsoft cloud awards listed in Table 52, this table contributes an additional £214 million (for a total of £1.38 billion). 66

5 Canada Given that Canada and the United States share the world’s longest international border and are both mem￾bers of the Five Eyes intelligence sharing partnership, it can be expected that the Canadian government is a major customer of American technology. But the author was surprised to learn that public Canadian procurement from Microsoft, Amazon, and Alphabet since 2018 is almost entirely dominated by a sin￾gle, seven-year CA$1.56 billion contract with Microsoft through Shared Services Canada which started in March 2019. The contract was originally announced in mid-April of 2019 as “valued at $940 million [CAD] over seven years, includ[ing] continued support for Windows operating system, Microsoft Exchange...Server Operating System...infrastructure software for the data centres, development software...business applica￾tions (Project, Visio, etc.)” and “access to Office 365”.64 While the award itself is not selling Microsoft Azure, the press release claimed that the agreement would “allow the Government of Canada to take a step forward in achieving its Cloud Adoption Strategy.” One of the supported departments in the contract is Public Safety Canada, which houses the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), and Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). The RCMP has a history of both arresting and surveilling journalists who cover pipelines. (The RCMP has also contracted with Babel Street to perform broader internet surveillance. And CSIS is itself separated from the RCMP in 1984 due to the latter’s Security Service having conducted illegal break-ins and wiretaps in the late 1970s.) Due to subtleties in the manner in which the Canadian government publicly discloses contracts, we primarily make use of the so called Proactive Disclosure dataset, but, in at least one case, a contract was only found through a specialized dataset for contracts awarded by Public Works and Government Canada.[338] Beyond Microsoft’s CA$1.56B Shared Service Canada award, Table 59 documents an additional CA$340 million in awards which are not clearly marked as for cloud computing, and Table 60 lists CA$31.7 mil￾lion which are. By contrast, Amazon has a total of CA$31.2 million in contracts through Amazon Web Services (see Table 61), and Alphabet has just over CA$4 million in direct awards (see Tables 62 and 63) and CA$2.16 million in indirect awards (see Table 64). While Google’s intermediated search appliance contract with Canadian Libraries & Archives through Advanced Chippewa Technologies was unambigu￾ous, we hedged on the larger contract through Computacenter (formerly Teramach) because the contract description was unclear on whether Google software was being replaced or provided. Table 59: Publicly disclosed Canadian awards to Microsoft since 2018 which are not ostensibly focused on cloud computing and have a value of at least CA$673,000, which is roughly 500,000 EUR. The total of these awards is CA$1.91 billion. Date Buyer Value Reference 2019-03-18 Shared Services* CA$1.558B 700433063[264] 2020-08-27 Employment & Social Dev. CA$42.6M 2BS16281A[247] 2019-12-17 Shared Services CA$27.8M 2B0KBQ0133[235] 2021-03-01 Health CA$20.8M R202959[285] 2022-04-29 RCMP CA$19.5M S202300463[214] 2022-05-03 RCMP CA$15.0M S202300467[215] 2019-04-01 Indigenous Services CA$9.85M R33063B[287] 2020-08-27 Veterans Affairs CA$6.89M 0A200602571302P[226] 2022-04-01 Innovation, Science & Economic Dev. CA$6.39M 9600738[270] 2020-06-02 Veterans Affairs CA$6.16M 0A200602571301P[204] 2020-02-03 RCMP CA$6.06M S202005113[290] 2021-02-09 Employment & Social Dev. CA$6.03M 2BS17429[249] Continued on next page 64Office 365 has since rebranded to Microsoft 365. 67

Table 59 – continued from previous page. Date Buyer Value Reference 2022-03-04 Natural Resources CA$5.76M 80004773[269] 2019-04-01 Employment & Social Dev. CA$4.78M 2BH433063B[241] 2021-09-07 RCMP CA$4.53M S202202621[292] 2019-03-18 Shared Services CA$4.39M P000033569[278] 2020-12-07 Border Services CA$4.30M 2B21356165[238] 2019-04-01 Employment & Social Dev. CA$3.93M 2BS433063[259] 2019-09-20 Shared Services CA$3.81M* K000006772[274] 2019-04-01 Elections CA$3.65M 180812[206] 2019-04-01 Infrastructure CA$3.62M 9600159[319] 2019-04-01 Justice CA$3.61M SSC1879551[293] 2021-07-15 Fisheries & Oceans CA$3.60M 4500008491[209] 2020-12-01 Environment & Climate Change CA$3.55M 80003545[326] 2022-03-28 Fisheries & Oceans CA$3.50M 4500023530[210] 2021-02-01 Employment & Social Dev. CA$3.47M 2BS17386[248] 2020-05-15 Statistics CA$3.39M 11861[221] 2022-03-28 Employment & Social Dev. CA$3.29M 2BSC20554[260] 2021-02-01 Employment & Social Dev. CA$3.13M 2BS17576[251] 2021-04-01 Employment & Social Dev. CA$3.10M 2BS180409[325] 2021-07-21 Employment & Social Dev. CA$3.00M 2BS18840[253] 2022-05-25 Fisheries & Oceans CA$2.96M 4500026436[211] 2021-12-15 Employment & Social Dev. CA$2.87M 2BS220025A[257] 2021-12-07 National Defence CA$2.71M W8484-220186/Roc 324[309] 2020-03-19 Shared Services CA$2.56M 700507879[265] 2021-02-01 National Defence CA$2.52M W8484-2199986[336] 2021-10-25 Auditor General CA$2.37M P2100082[279] 2022-06-27 Employment & Social Dev. CA$2.34M 2BS021500[245] 2022-01-11 Employment & Social Dev. CA$2.30M 2BS2220146[258] 2021-03-05 Health & Social Dev. CA$2.26M R200003060[281] 2021-02-04 Employment & Social Dev. CA$2.25M G9292-190689/001/ZM[338] 2021-01-19 National Defence CA$2.23M W8484-219986[334] 2019-04-01 Public Services & Procurement CA$2.20M E62ZR93431[271] 2019-04-01 Employment & Social Dev. CA$2.18M 2BH433063A[240] 2019-04-01 Public Services & Procurement CA$2.07M E62ZR93444[272] 2020-08-04 Shared Services CA$1.96M 700525775[266] 2022-04-01 National Defence CA$1.94M Roc 344/W8484-220238[330] 2019-04-01 Immigration & Refugee CA$1.94M 7004330570[263] 2021-04-01 Elections CA$1.90M 3000727500[208] 2021-04-01 National Defence CA$1.89M W8484-210046 Roc 227[331] 2018-08-01 Shared Services CA$1.88M P000004534[275] 2020-05-01 National Defence CA$1.82M R000063720[328] 2021-03-23 Public Health CA$1.82M R200003072[282] 2022-04-01 Employment & Social Dev. CA$1.70M 2BS20991[256] 2019-01-02 Shared Services CA$1.69M 2B0KBQ0063[234] 2018-04-01 National Defence CA$1.68M EN578-142904/001/EE[273] 2021-02-01 Employment & Social Dev. CA$1.67M 2BS17468[250] 2019-04-01 Border Services CA$1.63M 2B19346215[236] 2021-04-01 Border Services CA$1.60M 2B21357479[239] 2021-03-04 National Defence CA$1.57M SO 3219[304] 2021-03-03 National Defence CA$1.57M SO 3129[305] 2021-05-01 Statistics CA$1.40M 000012443[218] 2018-04-01 Employment & Social Dev. CA$1.38M G929280371[310] 2019-04-01 Privacy Commissioner CA$1.32M 2R008-19-0001[316] Continued on next page 68

Table 59 – continued from previous page. Date Buyer Value Reference 2020-11-18 Employment & Social Dev. CA$1.31M 2BS001340[242] 2022-03-24 Statistics CA$1.31M 000013082[220] 2022-03-04 National Defence CA$1.31M SO 8264[306] 2019-04-01 Food Inspection CA$1.30M 80002322[268] 2021-03-01 Global Affairs CA$1.24M 4001663[317] 2018-08-01 Shared Services CA$1.24M P000008979[276] 2021-03-10 National Defence CA$1.23M SO 3128[303] 2022-03-14 Employment & Social Dev. CA$1.15M 2BS020713[244] 2018-03-20 Statistics CA$1.14M 10318[312] 2019-08-07 Fisheries & Oceans CA$1.13M FP815-190008[212] 2020-02-26 RCMP CA$1.12M S202005296[291] 2019-04-15 National Research Council CA$1.11M RAS191281[288] 2021-04-01 Statistics CA$1.11M 000012209[217] 2022-04-01 Statistics CA$1.09M 000013099[225] 2022-05-26 Transport CA$1.07M T8086-213055-1[301] 2022-01-18 Transport CA$1.07M T8086-212508-1[298] 2019-04-01 Correctional Service CA$1.06M 21120-19-3060142[228] 2022-04-01 Statistics CA$1.05M 000013096[224] 2021-04-01 Statistics & Agri-food CA$1.05M 000012202[216] 2022-04-01 Statistics CA$1.03M 000013045[219] 2020-01-28 Employment & Social Dev. CA$1.03M 2BS14737[246] 2019-04-01 Indigenous Relations CA$1.03M R33063[321] 2021-07-12 National Defence CA$959K W8484-220108 ROC 276[308] 2022-02-24 Global Affairs CA$945K 4001849[318] 2021-09-30 Employment & Social Dev. CA$928K 2BS19172[254] 2019-04-01 Elections CA$924K 0000000000000000000180812[207] 2018-05-02 RCMP CA$916K S201900590[324] 2022-03-01 Employment & Social Dev. CA$915K 2BS020632[243] 2020-12-22 National Defence CA$912K W8484-219965[332] 2022-01-27 Transport CA$912K T8086-212727[299] 2021-03-09 Transport CA$912K T8086-202704[296] 2021-02-17 Employment & Social Dev. CA$904K 2BS17645[252] 2019-04-01 Transportation CA$877K Y21202001[302] 2022-04-01 Health CA$876K R2021360[283] 2021-04-01 Statistics CA$870K 12414[223] 2021-06-25 Transport CA$797K T8086-203012[297] 2022-03-04 Natural Resources CA$791K 80004772[203] 2018-03-21 Statistics CA$777K 10313[311] 2019-04-01 Official Languages CA$771K 0P001-19-0004[205] 2021-12-23 National Defence CA$760K w8484-220182/Roc 325[307] 2022-03-04 Transport CA$756K T8086-212937[300] 2021-02-09 National Defence CA$741K W8484=219992[335] 2022-03-31 Health CA$735K R2021642[284] 2020-08-18 National Defence CA$727K R069243/ROC # 163[329] 2021-04-27 National Film Board CA$720K S200202101[289] 2021-01-21 National Defence CA$707K W8484-219977[333] 2020-07-09 National Defence CA$707K P2P R066040/Roc 155[327] 2021-02-10 Heritage CA$706K 45435665[261] 2020-01-17 Health CA$704K R00054194[280] 2018-03-22 Health CA$694K R1725683[323] 2022-02-01 Employment & Social Dev. CA$689K 2BS20520[255] 2020-04-01 Border Services CA$686K 2B20351159[237] Continued on next page 69

Table 59 – continued from previous page. Date Buyer Value Reference 2018-04-01 Public Services & Procurement CA$681K E62ZRA3222[322] 2019-03-18 Shared Services CA$678K P000033203[277] 2021-03-02 Fisheries & Oceans CA$678K FP876-200021[213] 2021-05-20 Health CA$673K R2190953[286] Date Buyer Value Reference 2020-05-15 Statistics CA$6.33M 12408[222] 2021-10-01 Treasury Board CA$5.69M 2406222180[233] 2019-10-24 Revenue CA$3.84M 2020001487[227] 2020-10-22 Treasury Board CA$3.11M 2406221191[231] 2020-11-02 Transport CA$2.92M T8086-172007/001/ZM[338] 2021-03-22 Treasury Board CA$2.72M 2406221350[232] 2020-02-04 Treasury Board CA$2.06M 2406220651[229] 2020-12-14 Infrastructure CA$892K 9600427[320] 2018-05-17 Treasury Board CA$799K 2406219038[314] 2020-03-26 Treasury Board CA$786K 2406220867[230] 2019-04-09 Transport CA$551K T8086-172007-TA002[294] 2020-09-04 Transport CA$549K T8086-202351[295] 2018-02-09 Treasury Board CA$491K 2406218258[313] 2018-09-28 Treasury Board CA$347K 2406219275[315] 2020-11-16 Financial Institutions CA$309K 6959185A[262] 2021-01-07 Public Safety CA$258K 7247745[267] Table 60: Publicly disclosed Canadian cloud computing awards to Microsoft since 2018 with a value of at least CA$250,000. The total of these awards is CA$31.7 million. 70

Date Buyer Value Reference 2020-11-30 Border Services CA$10.1M 2B2A351393[160] 2020-01-01 Border Services CA$4.02M 2B20351393[167] 2021-02-26 National Defence CA$3.06M SO 3126[191] 2021-02-16 Employment & Social Dev. CA$1.87M 2BS17481[161] 2019-10-25 Revenue Agency CA$1.81M 2020001503[166] 2020-09-08 Innovation, Science & Economic Dev. CA$1.41M 9600388[177] 2022-05-06 Innovation, Science & Economic Dev. CA$1.36M 9600759[184] 2021-03-12 Natural Resources Canada CA$1.13M 80003816[175] 2021-07-16 Innovation, Science & Economic Dev. CA$0.74M 9600565[179] 2022-03-25 Natural Resources Canada CA$0.60M 80004844[176] 2022-03-10 Innovation, Science & Economic Dev. CA$0.57M 9600723[182] 2022-03-10 Innovation, Science & Economic Dev. CA$0.57M 9600715[181] 2021-09-07 Innovation, Science & Economic Dev. CA$0.57M 9600570[180] 2022-01-27 Revenue Agency CA$0.57M 2022028350[156] 2021-03-24 Revenue Agency CA$0.56M 2021002874[155] 2022-04-21 Revenue Agency CA$0.56M 2B23398844[157] 2022-04-27 Revenue Agency CA$0.56M 2B23406805[159] 2022-05-27 Revenue Agency CA$0.56M 2B23405597[158] 2022-03-31 Innovation, Science & Economic Dev. CA$0.55M 9600732[183] 2021-10-25 Shared Services CA$0.55M 700612329[172] 2022-06-08 Employment & Social Dev. CA$0.53M 2BS21097[163] 2022-04-01 National Film Board CA$0.47M 8052086[186] 2021-02-09 Employment & Social Dev. CA$0.46M 2BS17482[162] 2021-01-06 Shared Services CA$0.46M 700553207[171] 2021-11-19 National Defence CA$0.45M SO 3941[192] 2021-02-22 National Defence CA$0.45M SO 1739[190] 2020-11-17 Natural Resources CA$0.45M S1333[188] 2021-03-25 National Film Board CA$0.43M 8048606[185] 2021-04-06 Shared Services CA$0.42M 700572376[165] 2022-03-23 Shared Services CA$0.36M 700640055[173] 2020-06-18 Shared Services CA$0.34M 700518488[170] 2020-06-10 Shared Services CA$0.34M 700656403[174] 2021-04-06 Public Health Agency CA$0.34M R200002979[153] 2021-11-02 Public Health Agency CA$0.33M R213698[187] 2021-03-24 Shared Services CA$0.31M 700570859[164] 2022-05-12 National Defence CA$0.30M SO 10574[154] 2021-12-15 Employment & Social Dev. CA$0.29M 2BS220024[168] 2020-04-08 National Film Board CA$0.29M S200202002[189] 2021-03-09 Innovation, Science & Economic Dev. CA$0.25M 9600481[178] 2020-03-25 Shared Services CA$0.25M 700508329[169] Table 61: Publicly disclosed Canadian awards to Amazon Web Services since 2018 with a value of at least CA$250,000. The total of these awards is CA$39.2 million. 71

Date Buyer Value Reference 2022-03-30 Public Safety CA$322K S202205900[198] 2020-12-23 Public Safety CA$237K S202103474[197] 2022-06-10 Shared Services CA$224K 700656399[196] 2021-10-07 Shared Services CA$171K 700609528[195] 2021-02-09 Shared Services CA$170K 700560333[194] Table 62: Publicly disclosed Canadian cloud computing awards to Google since 2018 with a value of at least CA$100,000. The total of these awards is CA$1.12 million. Date Buyer Value Reference 2021-03-16 National Defence CA$1.31M SO 1696[193] 2021-03-30 Public Health CA$790K R00001737[202] 2022-03-08 Natural Resources CA$394K 80004791[201] 2021-10-28 Natural Resources CA$363K 80004385[200] 2021-10-28 Natural Resources CA$295K 80004379[199] Table 63: Publicly disclosed Canadian awards to Alphabet since 2018 with a value of at least CA$250,000 which are not ostensibly focused on cloud computing. The total of these awards is CA$3.15 million. Date Intermediary Buyer Total Amount Est. value Reference 2019-10-11 Computacenter Libraries & Archives CA$5.15M CA$1.80M 5Z011-18-0124[337] 2019-01-16 Advanced Chippewa Libraries & Archives CA$520K CA$364K 5Z011-19-0183[152] Table 64: Publicly disclosed intermediated Canadian government contracts for Alphabet products since 2018 worth at least CA$250K. Intermediary overhead rates were estimated at 30% and, because it was unclear whether the CA$5.15 million Computacenter (originally Teramach Technologies) “Google Replace￾ment Solution” contract was replacing Google search with something else, or vice versa, we took the average of the two outcomes. The total of these estimations is CA$2.16 million. 72

Figure 10: The five international partners of the U.S. Department of Defense’s Irregular Warfare Technical Support Directorate: Australia, Canada, Israel, Singapore, and the United Kingdom. 6 Israel While not a member of the Five Eyes intelligence sharing partnership, Israel is one of the five international partners of the Department of Defense’s Irregular Warfare Technical Support Directorate (IWTSD), which was previously known as the Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office (CTTSO) – see Figure 10. CTTSO’s 2016 annual report notes that it received $40 million which was “congressionally directed for cooperative anti-tunnel work with the Government of Israel” and, more recently, the IWTSD collaborated with the Israel Ministry of Defense on the Mobile Standoff Autonomous Indoor Capabilities (MoSAIC) challenge.6566 The U.S.- and Israel-created BIRD Foundation has similarly been promoting “mutually beneficial cooperation between U.S. and Israeli companies” since 1977 through funding companies such as General Dynamics and IBM. The U.S. Congress further introduced an AIPAC-backed bill in September 2021 to establish a $10 million per year U.S.-Israel Artificial Intelligence Center. But the most significant artificial intelligence partnership between the U.S. and Israel is arguably the Israeli government’s Nimbus cloud computing modernization project, which was jointly awarded to Amazon and Google in early 2021 rather than to incumbents Oracle and Microsoft. Nimbus’s focus is on shifting Israeli government ministries and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) onto commercial clouds and has been estimated to be worth 4 billion shekels, which exchanges to roughly $1.2 billion (though Nimbus comes with a provision that Amazon and Google reciprocate by spending 20% of the contract value with Israeli companies). The same month that news of Nimbus’s aware broke, Human Rights Watch released its first report formally concluding that the Israeli government is committing “crimes against humanity of apartheid and persecution” through its oppression of Palestinians. (Amnesty International would follow in February of the next year.) Microsoft had been selling Azure to the Israeli government for years, including to the Ministry of Public Security, and so the company’s protest of its loss reportedly went as high as a conversation between its CEO, Satya Nadella, and then-Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Ronit Atad had joined as Microsoft’s Israel Country Manager in October 2019, a month after the launch of the Nimbus tender, and – according to reporting from Globes – was set to be replaced by Alon Haimovich in July. Oracle CEO Safra Catz was 65The Wall Street Journal has noted U.S. Customs and Border Protection usage of cellphone location-tracking data from Venntel to detect underground tunnels. 66Autonomous flight company Shield AI has received second prize in the Tactical Robotics System category. 73

(a) Eran Feigenbaum as “Eran Raven” (b) Ronit Atad Figure 11: Oracle Israel Country Leader Eran Feigenbaum in character as the mentalist Eran Raven (left) and Microsoft’s (reportedly) former Israel Country Manager, Ronit Atad (right). Feigenbaum has publicly argued that it is “dangerous” for the Israeli government to use any cloud with data centers located outside of Israel due to the risk of the International Criminal Court investigating the Israel Defense Forces. Atad reportedly stepped down as Country Manager of Microsoft Israel after the company lost the competition for Nimbus. The images were respectively sourced from the official website for Eran Raven, eranraven.co, and Ronit Atad’s LinkedIn profile. equally confused by Nimbus’s award to Amazon and Google: Oracle founder Larry Ellison was a founding member of the Friends of Israel Initiative who had reportedly offered Netanyahu a board seat at Oracle, and Catz was herself born in Israel and retained close ties. By contrast, hundreds of Google and Amazon workers publicly condemned Nimbus. To make its case, Oracle hired former IDF General Uzi Moscovitch to lobby the Israeli government on the importance of its secure underground data center. Oracle Israel Country Leader Eran Feigenbaum – a mentalist who performed had performed under Uri Geller with the stage name Eran Raven – would similarly argue the importance of Oracle’s underground Israeli data center: “Suppose we put Israel’s data in Germany; it’s now subject to German law. You can see for yourself how many times Google gave information to the German government. Now imagine that an organization like the International Criminal Court wants information on IDF soldiers. It doesn’t have to ask Israel for anything. All it has to do is get an order in the country where the data are stored. It’s not Google or Amazon’s fault, it’s just the way the world works. Running any cloud outside of Israel, storing Israeli data outside Israel, is dangerous. Even if you were using Oracle, if it were outside Israel, I wouldn’t rest easy.” The human rights implications of Feigenbaum’s statement are perhaps obvious given the recent apartheid designations from both Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. And recent Nimbus tender documents make clear that: (a) “there will be no restriction of any kind, including ‘permitted use’ rules for a service being offered in the government digital marketplace”, even in the case of non-payment, and (b) provision 1.11.3 of the tender booklet demands that Amazon and Google refuse to comply with legal requests for Nimbus data from any non-Israeli “supra-state entity...tribunal...administrative entity, law enforcement or security agenc[y]”. A case study on the relationship between Israel’s Ministry of Defense (IMOD) and Silicon Valley “Confidential Cloud” provider Anjuna claims that the latter ensures “employees of cloud providers, system 74

administrators, and third parties no longer have access to sensitive data”. (Anjuna’s homepage implies that it intermediates with the five major US cloud providers – AWS, Azure, Google Cloud, IBM, and Oracle – as well as Alibaba Cloud.) Anjuna elsewhere claims that it “assures that IT insiders are never over-exposed to data they should not see”. According to Anjuna, IMOD’s first test case in its Confidential Cloud was a “compute-intensive AI workload”. As described on an unlisted but public website discovered by the author through Israeli procurement documents, Google’s artificial intelligence sales to the IDF include: emotion analysis, facial recognition, car tracking, speech to text, sentiment analysis, entity detection, and – most importantly – tooling for constructing custom models.67 Beyond the estimated 4 billion shekels to be split between Amazon and Google for Nimbus, Table 65 documents 19.2 million shekels of post-2018 public contracts with Microsoft found through a combination of the most recent public procurement bulk dataset and a manual search on the official procurement website (which we machine translated into English with a custom Hebrew-to-English OpenNMT transformer model trained on the OPUS Commoncrawl dataset). When combined with the contracts intermediated by Ness Technologies and Getter Group shown in 66, roughly 79% of Microsoft’s estimated post-2018 revenue from the Israeli government was from the Israeli police. Out of the six regions in our study, Israel is the only place where Microsoft was estimated to receive less than Alphabet – and it is by more than a factor of 60. Date Buyer Ceiling Est. value Reference 2021-12-28 Police 6.00M ILS 6.00M ILS 4000546043[342] 2018-05-06 Police 4.00M ILS 4.00M ILS 615805[344] 2019-03-24 Police 3.50M ILS 3.50M ILS 631994[348] 2019-05-23 Tax Authority 2.50M ILS 2.50M ILS 634573[349] 2018-06-08 Education 1.87M ILS 1.87M ILS 617760[345] 2018-04-25 Social Affairs 778K ILS 778K ILS 615319[343] 2021-05-24 Health 551K ILS 551K ILS 4000533507[341] Table 65: Publicly disclosed awards from the government of Israel to Microsoft since 2018 with a total value of at least 500,000 ILS. The total value of these awards is 19.2 million ILS, of which 70% were in support of the Israeli police. Only the 2019 and 2021 contracts with the Israeli police were clearly labeled as for Microsoft Azure. 67Google’s slides couch the facial recognition as “celebrity detection”, but clearly this is simply a matter of the training set. And Google is selling tooling for building models from custom datasets. Date Intermediary Buyer Total Amount Est. value Reference 2019-03-17 Ness Israel Police 16M ILS 11.2M ILS 631461[347] 2019-02-25 Getter Group Agriculture & Rural Dev. 970K ILS 679K ILS 631160[346] Table 66: Publicly disclosed intermediated Israeli government contracts for Microsoft products since 2018 worth at least 500,000 ILS. Intermediary overhead rates were estimated at 30%. The total of these estimations is 11.9 million ILS, of which roughly 94% was in support of the Israeli police. 75

7 Australia The last region of our study is – by GDP – the second smallest member of the Five Eyes intelligence sharing partnership; it is also a member of the so-called Quad partnership alongside the United States, India, and Japan and a member of the AUKUS nuclear powered submarine partnership with the United Kingdom and United States.6869 (We have left analysis of the government of New Zealand’s procurement from US tech giants for future work. Though we note that New Zealand’s 2021 GDP was less than one sixth of that of Australia – and the procurement dataset does not contain a dedicated field for the vendor(s).) While our analysis of Australia’s AusTender procurement data makes clear that Google is a distant third place in government sales, the comparison between Microsoft and Amazon is sensitive to how one counts. If one only measures direct awards between the two companies and the Australian government, then we find that Amazon received AU$623 million vs. Microsoft’s AU$159 million (nearly a factor of four difference). But the bulk of Microsoft’s sales were through a three year, AU$810 million “Microsoft Volume Source Agreement (VSA4) - Common Cloud Commitment (CCC)” award between its exclusive Australian government reseller, Data#3, and the DTA. Australia’s iTnews quoted a DTA spokesperson with the following justification for the size of the award: “The DTA has established a dedicated centralized environment where agencies can purchase Microsoft’s M365 E5 if it is deployed enterprise-wide” (the URL is our addition). Using our default overhead rate assumption of 30%, the inclusion of Microsoft’s indirect revenue through this contract and its analogues in Table 72 leads to Microsoft outpacing Amazon in Australian government revenue by nearly 50% (AU$927 million vs. AU$623 million). As shown in Table 67, more than 90% of Amazon’s public, post-2018 income from the Australian government came from two contracts with Australia’s Digital Transformation Agency (DTA). The first and largest of the two contracts was a three year, AU$391 million “Whole of Government Agreement” for Amazon Web Services which began in May 2019. The second was a three year, AU$174 million “AWS Arrangement” which began the day after the “Whole of Government Agreement” ended (May 1, 2022). (Table 68 shows that adding in Amazon intermediaries such as Gruden and Salsa Digital makes little difference. The complication is IBM’s nebulous AWS awards, which appear to be about transitioning to AWS rather than supplying it.) The DTA had only announced Amazon’s ability to host sensitive Australian government data in October of 2021 – roughly seven months before the end of its first major three year contract. Whereas the Australian Signals Directorate, Australia’s analogue of the NSA, had included Microsoft Azure on its Certified Cloud Services List as far back as 2017. (By October 2019, Microsoft was advertising Azure’s ability to store PROTECTED Australian government data alongside its VicCloud Protect project with OOBE.) Microsoft’s largest direct contract over our time window was a three-and-a-half year, AU$17.6 million agreement with DTA for “Microsoft Premier Support Services” which began in December 2019. But the bulk of Microsoft’s sales were through an AU$810 million award between its exclusive Australian government reseller, Data#3, and the DTA. Alphabet trails far behind both Microsoft and Amazon in Australian procurement: beyond its roughly AU$3.5 million in direct contracts (see Table 70), we document an approximated AU$2.1 million in direct revenue through Jellyfish and OniGroup (see Table 73). Amazon Web Services’ contracts can be found in Table 67, Microsoft’s clearly-annotated cloud awards can be found in 69, all other (sufficiently) large Microsoft awards are listed in 71, and Google’s cloud contracts are listed in 70. In an absolute sense, we documented Amazon, Microsoft, and Alphabet collectively receiving less from Australia since 2018 than any of our other regions of study. Though we note that all three companies contracted with both the Australian Signals Directorate and the Australian Department of Defence. The largest contracts were all intermediated through the Digital Transformation Agency, and so it is difficult to assess what percentage of the contracts were driven by defense, intelligence, and law enforcement. 68Beyond the four members of the Quad alliance, “Quad Plus” is often used to a larger group which also includes South Korea, Vietnam, and New Zealand. 69Australia’s 2021 cancellation of a multi-billion dollar nuclear submarine contract with French company Naval Group as it joined AUKUS caused a significant diplomatic row between Australia, the US, and France. 76

Date Buyer Value Reference 2019-05-01 Digital Transformation AU$391M CN3601345[60] 2022-05-01 Digital Transformation AU$174M CN3864913[132] 2022-06-09 Geoscience AU$12.3M CN3881294[139] 2022-05-06 Bureau of Statistics AU$10.6M CN3870497[136] 2022-05-03 IP Australia AU$6.81M CN3869286[135] 2022-05-02 Securities & Investments AU$5.87M CN3869054[134] 2022-06-23 Department of Defence AU$4.58M CN3886836[141] 2022-05-31 CSIRO AU$3.23M CN3878121[138] 2018-08-24 Employment, Skills, Small & Family Biz. AU$2.97M CN3535817[42] 2022-06-29 Bureau of Statistics AU$2.75M CN3894155[144] 2018-05-02 Employment, Skills, Small & Family Biz. AU$1.45M CN3501579[23] 2018-11-13 Signals Directorate AU$1.04M CN3552263[47] 2022-04-28 Agriculture, Water & the Env. AU$0.91M CN3868420[133] 2018-05-25 Taxation Office AU$0.88M CN3508443[28] 2020-06-25 Department of Defence AU$0.72M CN3693689[98] 2018-03-07 Taxation Office AU$0.67M CN3489616[21] 2018-10-01 Signals Directorate AU$0.61M CN3556868[48] 2022-05-01 Department of Defence AU$0.46M CN3906315[151] 2018-02-08 Digital Transformation AU$0.45M CN3483802[20] 2022-02-03 Department of Defence AU$0.41M CN3877088[137] 2018-07-18 Department of Defence AU$0.38M CN3525479[38] 2019-01-15 Bureau of Meteorology AU$0.38M CN3563748[50] 2018-09-13 Taxation Office AU$0.37M CN3539864[45] 2019-10-08 Department of Defence AU$0.29M CN3632802[77] Table 67: Publicly disclosed Australian awards to Amazon Web Services since 2018 with a value of at least AU$250,000. The total of these awards is AU$623 million. Table 71: Publicly disclosed Australian awards to Microsoft since 2018 which are not ostensibly focused on cloud computing and have a value of at least AU$720,000, which is roughly $500,000 USD. The total of these awards is AU$157 million. Date Buyer Total Value Est. value Reference 2019-12-10 Digital Transformation AU$17.6M AU$17.6M CN3654730[89] 2020-06-23 Department of Defence AU$13.9M AU$13.9M CN3687262[95] 2020-11-09 Agriculture, Water and Env. AU$13.1M AU$3.28M CN3733257[107] 2021-05-04 Agriculture, Water and Env. AU$9.76M AU$2.44M CN3768400[112] 2022-06-01 Department of Defence AU$7.91M AU$7.91M CN3885746[140] 2018-06-15 Services AU$7.47M AU$7.47M CN3531409[40] 2021-07-09 Health AU$5.10M AU$1.27M CN3794344[120] 2021-06-15 Signals Directorate AU$4.80M AU$4.80M CN3777917[115] Continued on next page Date Intermediary Buyer Total Amount Est. value Reference 2022-07-13 Salsa Digital Finance AU$523K AU$366K CN3901458[147] 2020-10-29 Salsa Digital Finance AU$496K AU$347K CN3729676[105] 2019-10-28 Salsa Digital Finance AU$474K AU$332K CN3641476[84] Table 68: Publicly disclosed intermediated Australian government contracts for Amazon products since 2018 worth at least AU$450K. Intermediary overhead rates were estimated at 30%. The total of these estimations is AU$1.05 million. 77

Table 71 – continued from previous page. Date Buyer Total Value Est. value Reference 2019-07-01 Department of Defence AU$4.41M AU$4.41M CN3615623[65] 2020-05-18 Department of Defence AU$4.27M AU$4.27M CN3685032[94] 2020-03-01 Services AU$3.40M AU$3.40M CN3666849[91] 2021-06-30 Services AU$3.51M AU$3.51M CN3791391[119] 2018-06-07 Securities and Investments AU$3.36M AU$3.36M CN3512477[31] 2021-06-29 Services AU$2.88M AU$2.88M CN3800912[123] 2018-04-30 Services AU$2.84M AU$2.84M CN3508029[27] 2019-09-02 Criminal Intelligence AU$2.78M AU$2.78M CN3624358[67] 2021-06-07 Prudential Regulation AU$2.66M AU$2.66M CN3785219[117] 2019-09-03 Taxation Office AU$2.65M AU$2.65M CN3539860[44] 2022-07-31 Foreign Affairs & Trade AU$2.57M AU$2.57M CN3904176[148] 2022-03-21 Agriculture, Water & the Env. AU$2.49M AU$622K CN3858004[131] 2020-07-01 Services AU$2.42M AU$2.42M CN3699002[101] 2021-06-23 Education, Skills & Employment AU$2.42M AU$2.42M CN3785708[118] 2020-11-23 Department of Defence AU$2.19M AU$2.19M CN3732350[106] 2022-02-01 Agriculture, Water & the Env. AU$2.18M AU$2.18M CN3852911[130] 2019-06-03 Bureau of Statistics AU$2.14M AU$2.14M CN3600882[59] 2018-03-26 Services AU$1.87M AU$1.87M CN3502466[24] 2018-03-23 Meterology AU$1.80M AU$1.80M CN3496063[22] 2022-02-26 CSIRO AU$1.80M AU$0.45M CN3852226[129] 2020-05-19 Signals Directorate AU$1.65M AU$1.65M CN3689798[96] 2018-06-22 Digital Transformation AU$1.61M AU$1.61M CN3521801[37] 2019-08-14 Department of Defence AU$1.59M AU$1.59M CN3624075[66] 2019-01-01 Department of Defence AU$1.56M AU$1.56M CN3562177[49] 2018-07-02 Digital Health AU$1.53M AU$1.53M CN3520315[34] 2021-10-12 Signals Directorate AU$1.50M AU$1.50M CN3821896[126] 2020-07-01 Prime Minister & Cabinet AU$1.45M AU$1.45M CN3708754[103] 2020-06-16 Education, Skills & Employment AU$1.44M AU$1.44M CN3691413[97] 2018-05-14 Education AU$1.38M AU$1.38M CN3508959[29] 2019-05-13 Signals Directorate AU$1.37M AU$1.37M CN3594660[56] 2019-07-01 Home Affairs AU$1.34M AU$1.34M CN3607880[63] 2021-05-18 Signals Directorate AU$1.31M AU$1.31M CN3773732[114] 2021-06-28 Home Affairs AU$1.30M AU$1.30M CN3796151[121] 2020-03-23 Services AU$1.25M AU$1.25M CN3671586[92] 2021-07-30 Foreign Affairs & Trade AU$1.20M AU$1.20M CN3801465[124] 2019-07-01 DITRDC AU$1.20M AU$1.20M CN3635468[78] 2019-05-20 Education AU$1.17M AU$1.17M CN3594922[57] 2019-06-24 Foreign Affairs & Trade AU$1.15M AU$1.15M CN3638887[81] 2018-12-10 Prime Minister & Cabinet AU$1.09M AU$1.09M CN3564539[51] 2019-08-23 Department of Defence AU$1.00M AU$1.00M CN3626620[72] 2018-06-23 Employment, Skills, Small Biz. AU$1.00M AU$1.00M CN3517971[33] 2018-11-05 Services AU$990K AU$990K CN3569020[52] 2018-08-02 Department of Defence AU$988K AU$988K CN3537736[43] 2019-04-11 Department of Defence AU$985K AU$985K CN3589825[55] 2021-12-20 Department of Defence AU$982K AU$982K CN3837166[128] 2020-07-01 Prudential Regulation AU$970K AU$970K CN3737516[108] 2020-04-20 Department of Defence AU$965K AU$965K CN3676861[93] 2022-07-08 Signals Directorate AU$942K AU$942K CN3893385[143] 2021-06-26 Federal Police AU$940K AU$940K CN3779375[116] 2020-06-25 Federal Police AU$918K AU$918K CN3694377[99] 2019-06-22 Education AU$882K AU$882K CN3597963[58] 2018-05-09 Digital Transformation AU$864K AU$864K CN3520913[35] Continued on next page 78

Table 71 – continued from previous page. Date Buyer Total Value Est. value Reference 2020-06-28 Home Affairs AU$860K AU$860K CN3697095[100] 2019-09-15 Treasury AU$859K AU$859K CN3628893[75] 2019-05-23 Digital Health AU$859K AU$859K CN3605184[62] 2021-03-15 Agriculture, Water & the Env. AU$858K AU$858K CN3754475[110] 2019-06-25 Federal Police AU$812K AU$812K CN3602737[61] 2018-01-10 Bureau of Meteorology AU$784K AU$784K CN3482069[19] 2019-03-24 Agriculture, Water & the Env. AU$783K AU$783K CN3587719[54] 2018-06-26 Bureau of Meteorology AU$760K AU$760K CN3532816[41] 2018-06-29 Foreign Affairs & Trade AU$747K AU$747K CN3520961[36] 2018.06.18 Home Affairs AU$738K AU$738K CN3529999[39] 2020.04.30 Reserve Bank AU$721K AU$721K CN3708067[102] 79

Date Buyer Total Value Est. value Reference 2021-05-19 Education, Skills & Employment AU$4.60M AU$4.60M CN3773287[113] 2020-01-17 Tourism AU$1.46M AU$1.46M CN3653441[88] 2022-07-08 Signals Directorate AU$789K AU$789K CN3893373[142] 2018-05-11 Services AU$418K AU$418K CN3513573[32] Table 69: Publicly disclosed Australian cloud computing awards to Microsoft since 2018 with a value of at least AU$250,000. The total of these awards is AU$7.3 million. Date Buyer Total Value Est. value Reference 2022-06-30 CSIRO AU$1.17M AU$1.17M CN3905476[150] 2020-02-17 CSIRO AU$600K AU$600K CN3660395[90] 2021-09-02 Signals Directorate AU$589K AU$589K CN3809980[125] 2020-09-18 Signals Directorate AU$429K AU$429K CN3718281[104] 2018-10-22 Defence AU$331K AU$331K CN3547069[46] 2019-09-01 Defence AU$185K AU$185K CN3625053[69] 2019-09-01 Signals Directorate AU$167K AU$167K CN3625824[70] Table 70: Publicly disclosed Australian cloud computing awards to Google since 2018 with a value of at least AU$150,000. The total of these awards is AU$3.47 million. Date Intermediary Buyer Total Amount Est. value Reference 2019-08-02 Data#3 Digital Transformation AU$810M $567M CN3626393[71] 2018-02-02 Data#3 Digital Transformation AU$90.9M $63.6M CN3505390[25] 2022-07-01 Data#3 Employment & Workplace Relations AU$52.9M $37.0M CN3900696[146] 2019-07-01 Data#3 Employment & Workplace Relations AU$36.2M $25.4M CN3632569[76] 2019-07-01 Data#3 Taxation Office AU$32.9M $23.0M CN3628527[74] 2022-07-01 Data#3 Bureau of Statistics AU$8.89M $6.22M CN3904245[149] 2019-07-01 Data#3 CSIRO AU$7.15M $5.00M CN3624890[68] 2018-05-31 Data#3 Department of Defence AU$7.05M $4.93M CN3511586[30] 2019-07-01 Data#3 Clean Energy Regulator AU$6.18M $4.32M CN3626912[73] 2020-01-14 Data#3 Department of Defence AU$6.10M $4.27M CN3650107[86] 2019-10-04 Data#3 Parliamentary Services AU$6.07M $4.25M CN3636703[80] 2019-09-25 Data#3 Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry AU$5.67M $3.97M CN3639498[82] 2019-12-19 Data#3 Taxation Office AU$4.83M $3.38M CN3649270[85] 2019-07-01 Data#3 Meteorology AU$3.77M $2.63M CN3639990[83] 2022-07-01 Data#3 Attorney-General AU$3.70M $2.59M CN3898501[145] 2019-07-01 Data#3 Attorney-General AU$3.36M $2.35M CN3614040[64] 2019-03-04 Data#3 Competition and Consumer Commission AU$3.00M $2.10M CN3583320[53] 2019-07-01 Data#3 Prudential Regulation Authority AU$2.86M $2.00M CN3800875[122] 2019-07-01 Data#3 Reserve Bank AU$2.51M $1.76M CN3636675[79] Table 72: Publicly disclosed intermediated Australian government contracts for Microsoft products since 2018 worth at least AU$2.5M. Intermediary overhead rates were estimated at 30%. The total of these estimations is AU$766 billion. 80

Date Intermediary Buyer Total Amount Est. value Reference 2018-01-01 Jellyfish Digital Transformation AU$1.18M $0.83M CN3480563[18] 2021-01-01 Jellyfish Digital Transformation AU$885K $619K CN3740604[109] 2021-12-10 OniGroup Digital Transformation AU$298K $209K CN3835330[127] 2019-12-23 OniGroup Health & Aged Care AU$282K $197K CN3653411[87] 2021-03-16 OniGroup Health & Aged Care AU$203K $142K CN3754761[111] 2018-05-22 OniGroup Employment, Skills, Small & Family Biz. AU$160K $112K CN3507734[26] Table 73: Publicly disclosed intermediated Australian government contracts for Alphabet products since 2018 worth at least AU$150K. Intermediary overhead rates were estimated at 30%. The total of these estimations is AU$2.11 million. 81

8 Rest of World In terms of any global analysis of government procurement of technology companies, the obvious missing region from this study was the People’s Republic of China. Beyond China having the next largest Gross Domestic Product after the United States and European Union, these three major powers are already years into a heated technology competition, with the European Union largely acting as a client of U.S. and Chinese companies. While Chinese public procurement datasets are readily available – and are occasionally analyzed by U.S. think tanks – their exclusion from this study was simply due to Tech Inquiry’s limited resources. Given that both Microsoft and Amazon sell cloud services in China through joint ventures with Chinese owned companies (Microsoft through 21Vianet and Amazon through Sinnet and Ningxia), detailed analysis of Chinese government procurement has the potential to complicate the simple narrative of a three-way competition between the U.S., China, and Europe.70 Relatedly, the United States is part of two separate alliances with Australia which are largely – if not explicitly – focused on countering Chinese military and economic power: the Quad “diplomatic network” which also includes India and Japan, and AUKUS military alliance, which includes the United Kingdom. (The White House even officially promoted former Google CEO Eric Schmidt’s Quad Fellowship, whose website prominently displays video endorsements from Joe Biden and the Prime Ministers of India, Japan, and Australia.71) This document has made repeated reference to the Five Eyes intelligence sharing partnership and the U.S. Irregular Warfare Technical Support Directorate (IWTSD). Including New Zealand and Singapore in a future analysis would round out analysis of U.S. tech giant relationships across both networks. Beyond Microsoft having sold its Domain Awareness System to the Singapore Police Force, the HTX division of Singapore’s Ministry of Home Affairs announced a strategic agreement with Microsoft in February to develop a sovereign cloud. HTX also developed its Rover-X “robotic dog” in collaboration with the same company selling to U.S. Customs and Border Protection (Ghost Robotics). (HTX developed its Drone Box in collaboration with Israeli drone company Airobotics and announced partnerships with the Australian Federal Police and French defense contractor Thales.) We might also prioritize analysis of government procurement in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, and Bahrain due to the combination of their history of human rights abuses with their housing of American data centers.72 For example, Microsoft recently launched an Azure region in Doha, Qatar and the exclusive reseller of Google Cloud in Saudi Arabia, CNTXT, is jointly owned by the state-owned oil company Saudi Aramco and the Norwegian company Cognite. Figure 12 shows high-level executives from Google – including CEO Sundar Pichai, Co-Founder Sergey Brin, and Head of Google AI Jeff Dean – meeting with Mohammed bin Salman (MbS) six months before the dismemberment of Washington Post journalist Jamal Khashoggi in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. Oracle has an even longer standing relationship with the government of Saudi Arabia: its first cloud region in the Kingdom was launched in Jeddah in February 2020 and, in October 2021, Oracle was an￾nounced as the first tenant the “hyperscale data center at NEOM”. The data center will be created and run by a $500M joint venture between state-owned NEOM Tech and EzdiTek (via its affiliate, Fawaz Alhokair Group). VMware and Huawei similarly partnered with the Saudi Telecom Company in February of this year. 70Google similarly helped run a joint venture in China as part of its Project Dragonfly. 71For its part, Amazon Web Services directly partnered with the Japan Digital Agency and simultaneously announced a solar power partnership with Mitsubishi Corporation. 72Saudi doctoral student Salma al-Shehab was sentenced to 34 years in prison by the Saudi government earlier this month for – according to The Guardian –“following and retweeting dissidents and activists”. 82

Figure 12: Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS) meeting with the CEO of Google, Sundar Pichai and its Co-Founder, Sergey Brin, (left) and with the head of Google AI, Jeff Dean, and Sundar Pichai (right) in April 2018. Former Washington Post journalist Jamal Khashoggi was dismembered in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul six months later – allegedly at the direction of MBS – which delayed Google Cloud’s 2018 Memorandum of Understanding with state-owned Saudi Arabian Oil Company (“Saudi Aramco”) from concluding into an agreement until December 2020. Source of Pictures: Bandar Algaloud and cnbc.com/2018/04/07/heres-a-look-at-who.html. 83

US EU+EFTA UK CA AU IL 0 0.5 1 1.5 ·104 13,524 6,945 3,362 1,498 640 9.29 Estimated public procurement from Microsoft since 2018 by Region (Million USD) Figure 13: Estimated public procurement directly from Microsoft by several governments since 2018. 9 Conclusions Tech Inquiry expanded its Influence Explorer entity map across the tech sectors of the US, UK, Canada, Australia, Israel, European Union, and European Free Trade Association as part of its analysis of govern￾ment procurement from Amazon, Microsoft, and Alphabet since 2018. Perhaps the biggest surprises were: the near total dependence of the three companies on security establishment contracts in their relationship with the U.S. government, Microsoft receiving roughly 90% of the EU and EFTA revenue across the three companies (largely through software licenses), and that Amazon and Google’s Nimbus contract is larger than their combined EU, EFTA, and Canadian contracts. (This last fact is especially surprising given that the 2021 GDP of Israel was less than one fortieth of that of the combined EU, EFTA, and Canada.) Comparing the roughly five year period of procurement to the most recent five years of U.S. tax data resulted in the surprising estimate that Amazon was awarded roughly twice as much in U.S. federal contracts as its tax withholdings (roughly $5 billion in withholdings vs. roughly $10 billion in contracts). A similar analysis in the United Kingdom suggested that Microsoft is receiving roughly fifteen times as much in contracts from the UK government as it is paying in taxes (£2.8 billion vs. £191 million). Lastly, when looking at plots of estimated government income across our three companies and six regions of study (see figs. 13 to 15), only Microsoft’s estimated revenue roughly tracks with Gross Domestic Product. This is arguably the result of Microsoft’s non-U.S. government revenue largely consisting of software license fees rather than cloud computing, which is a newer industry whose adoption is still tumultuous due to data sovereignty concerns. This volatility is perhaps clearest with Microsoft and Oracle’s unexpected loss of the billion dollar Nimbus contract, which led to Oracle’s head of Israel suggesting that Google might allow the International Criminal Court to prosecute the Israel Defense Forces, and Microsoft reportedly dismissing its head of Israel. In future work, we hope to expand our analysis to China, India, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, and Singapore. Doing so would allow us to round out the ten largest world economies, the Five Eyes and Quad alliances, and the international partners of the U.S.’s Irregular Warfare Technical Support Directorate. 84

US UK IL AU EU+EFTA CA 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 ·104 10,183 2,304 610 431 371 30.19 Estimated public procurement from Amazon since 2018 by Region (Million USD) Figure 14: Estimated public procurement directly from Amazon by several governments since 2018. US IL UK EU+EFTA CA AU 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 4,258 610 101.3 59.6 4.78 3.84 Estimated public procurement from Alphabet since 2018 by Region (Million USD) Figure 15: Estimated public procurement from Alphabet by several governments since 2018. We note that Alphabet’s US estimation has a large amount of uncertainty due to it primarily resulting from an assumption that Alphabet received an equal one-fifth share of the USIC’s C2E contract (valued at $10 billion) and will likewise receive an equal one-quarter share of the DoD’s JWCC (valued at $9 billion). 85

10 Appendix In the early phases of this study, one of the major challenges was identifying which countries and regions should be prioritized. We eventually settled on the combination of Gross Domestic Products and mem￾bership in military, intelligence sharing, and broader diplomatic alliances with the United States, but our earliest attempt combined maps of data center locations (see figs. 16 to 19) with the geographic revenue breakdowns in Form 10-K filings to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and analogous tax filings to the United Kingdom.73 Such an attempt was unenlightening primarily due to two confounding issues: some companies have extremely coarse-grained geographic revenue breakdowns (Microsoft’s roughly only states that half is U.S.- based and half is from elsewhere, see figs. 21 to 29), and the revenues reported to even the U.S. and U.K. governments appear to be incompatible. The approximately factor of two difference between the 2020 United Kingdom revenue / “net turnover” that Amazon respectively reported to the United States and United Kingdom is demonstrated in Figure 31. 74 The primary complication for this comparison was the detailed hierarchy of Amazon’s European subsidiaries – see Figure 30 – which had to be manually constructed so that individual net turnover filings could be summed. (The analogous subsidiary hierarchies for Alphabet, Microsoft, Oracle, and IBM are respectively shown in Figures 32, 33, 35, and 34. Alphabet’s hierarchy is arguably the only the rival the complication of Amazon’s – see the analysis of Phillips et al. in The Amazon Method for a related overview of Amazon’s European tax dodging.) The cloud revenue breakdowns reported in 10-K filings were purposefully enlarged/obscured by several companies, especially Oracle and Tencent (see fig. 36). The reader may also be interested in the various companies’ Fiscal Year 2021 income before income taxes, both holistically (Figure 37) and domestically (Figure 38). In each of the three cases of: overall revenues, overall income before income taxes, and domestic income before income taxes, it is clear that Oracle and IBM are not operating in the same league as Microsoft, Amazon, and Alphabet. In fact, as shown in Figure 38, IBM reported $2.65 billion in domestic losses in Fiscal Year 2021. 73The similarity between Google Cloud and Oracle Cloud regions can perhaps be partly explained by Google Cloud CEO Thomas Kurian previously working as President of Oracle, where he “Led Oracle’s 45 Cloud Data Centers ”. 74The author’s hypothesis is that the United Kingdom accounting standards for “net turnover” differ from U.S. accounting standards for revenue. 86

(a) Amazon Web Services (b) Microsoft Azure Figure 16: Countries with current cloud regions (dark colors), announced cloud regions (light colors), and part￾ner/edge locations with no current or announced cloud regions (grey) for Amazon Web Services (top) and Microsoft Azure (bottom). AWS cloud regions and edge locations were respectively sourced from aws.amazon.com/about￾aws/global-infrastructure/ and aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/regions az/. Disks were added to articulate AWS’s current data centers in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Manama, Bahrain, and the planned data center in Tel Aviv, Israel. Azure cloud regions and Front Door edge locations were respectively sourced from infrastructuremap.microsoft.com/ and docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/frontdoor/edge-locations-by-region. Disks were added to articular Azure’s current data centers in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Doha, Qatar and planned data center in Israel. 87

(a) Oracle Cloud (b) Google Cloud Figure 17: Countries with current cloud regions (dark colors), announced cloud regions (light colors), and partner/edge locations with no current or announced cloud regions (grey) for Oracle Cloud (top) and Google Cloud (bottom). Oracle Cloud regions were sourced from oracle.com/cloud/cloud-regions/; edge locations have not yet been found. Disks were added to articulate Oracle’s current data centers in Singapore and Israel. Google Cloud regions and edge locations were respectively sourced from cloud.google.com/about/locations and cloud.google.com/vpc/docs/edge-locations. Disks were added to articulate Google’s current data centers in Hong Kong and Singapore and the planned data centers in Doha, Qatar and Tel Aviv, Israel. 88

(a) IBM Cloud (b) Tencent Cloud Figure 18: Countries with current cloud regions (dark colors), announced cloud regions (light colors), and part￾ner/edge locations with no current or announced cloud regions (grey) for IBM (top) and Tencent (top). IBM Cloud regions were sourced from cloud.ibm.com/docs/overview?topic=overview-locations; edge locations have not yet been found. Tencent (partner) regions were sourced from intl.cloud.tencent.com/global-infrastructure. Disks were added to articulate IBM and Tencent’s current data centers in Hong Kong and Singapore. 89

Currency Exchange Rate into U.S. Dollars AUD 0.687700 CAD 0.769450 EUR 1.004085 GBP 1.183025 NIS 0.3051832 Table 74: Exchange rates into U.S. Dollars as determined on August 19, 2022. Currency Exchange Rate into Euros BGN 0.51091308 CHF 1.03879400 CZK 0.04058435 DKK 0.13446550 HRK 0.13304764 HUF 0.00247375 ISK 0.00709486 NOK 0.10152492 PLN 0.21049899 RON 0.20512238 SEK 0.09406081 Table 75: Exchange rates into Euros as determined on August 19, 2022. 10.1 Currency Conversion Due to the numerous involved currencies and roughly five year time frame, all currencies exchange rates were finalized in the final stages of the preparation of this report, on August 19, 2022 (see Table 74). As part of standardizing European procurement into Euros, we similiarly made use of Table 75. 11 Acknowledgements This work was supported by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung through a research contract with UNI Global Union. But this funding does not imply endorsement of the statements in this report. Further, the author notes that he was employed at Google as a Research Scientist between May 2016 and August 2018. The author would like to thank Laura Nolan and Shauna Gordon-McKeon for providing detailed feed￾back on a draft of this report. And if you find Tech Inquiry’s work valuable, please consider donating. 90

(a) Alibaba Cloud (b) Huawei Cloud Figure 19: Countries with current cloud regions (dark colors), announced cloud regions (light colors), and part￾ner/edge locations with no current or announced cloud regions (grey) for Alibaba (top) and Huawei (bottom). Alibaba Cloud regions and network edge locations were retrieved from https://www.alibabacloud.com/global￾locations#J 7780260320. Current Huawei Cloud regions were sourced from huaweicloud.com/intl/en-us/global/ and the announcement for a Saudi Arabian region from Data Center Dynamics; further (partner) infrastructure loca￾tions were sourced from huaweicloud.com/intl/es-us/activity/infraestructura1.html. Disks were added to articulate Alibaba and Huawei’s current data centers in Hong Kong and Singapore. 91

Figure 20: Countries where Tech Inquiry currently mirrors procurement data. Countries colored red are part of the Five Eyes alliance (US, UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand), blue countries are in the European Union, purple countries are in the European Free Trade Association (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein), and grey countries have sporadic public contracts published by the EU. Amazon Alphabet Microsoft Alibaba Huawei Tencent IBM Oracle 0 100 200 300 400 500 470 258 168 57.4 40.5 113 100 88 2021 Revenue (Billions USD) Figure 21: Fiscal Year 2021 revenues, in billions of USD, of Amazon, Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, Alphabet, Tencent, Alibaba, and Huawei as reported in their 2021 annual reports. The latter three companies’ revenues were converted from RMB to USD using the exchange rate from April 9, 2022: 0.15715 USD / RMB. 92

Amazon Microsoft Oracle Google IBM Huawei* 0 20 40 60 67 50 46 46 40 4.6 Percentage of 2021 Revenue in US* Figure 22: The percentage of 2021 revenue that Amazon, Microsoft, Oracle, Alphabet, and IBM reported as originating in the United States in their most recent Form 10-K filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Amazon’s filing is unique in that we can deduce a lower bound on the percentage of its cloud revenue that originates in the U.S.: more than 54.7%. (*) Huawei’s 2021 Annual Report broke out its Americas revenue as 4.6%, but did not disclose the restriction to the U.S. We thus display Huawei’s Americas percentage as an overestimate. (And Huawei reported that 65% of its 2021 revenue came from China.) Alibaba primarily only breaks out its China revenue, which we can lower-bound as the sum of its China Commerce and Local Consumer Services segments. One could then upper-bound Alibaba’s 2021 international revenue percentage as 27.6%, but this is too loose of a bound to display as even a rough stand-in for U.S. revenue. Similarly, Tencent only breaks out its revenue from China, which takes up 91.7% of the total. Thus only 8.3% of Tencent’s 2021 revenue came from abroad, which could serve as a loose upper-bound for U.S. revenue. US Germany UK Japan Rest of World 0 100 200 300 314 37.3 31.9 23.1 63.5 Amazon’s 2021 Regional Revenue (Billions USD) Figure 23: Amazon’s 2021 regional revenue components (in billions of USD) as reported by their 2021 U.S. Form 10-K. Amazon asserts no other countries constituted a “significant portion” of revenue, which we may interpret as an assertion that all other countries provided revenue less than that of Japan (i.e., less than $23.1 billion). 93

US UK* Rest of World* 0 20 40 60 80 84 6.72 77.4 Microsoft’s 2021 Regional Revenue (Billions USD) Figure 24: Microsoft’s 2021 regional revenue components (in billions of USD) as reported by the combination of its 2021 U.S. Form 10-K and 2021 U.K. Annual Report. Microsoft asserted in its Form 10-K that no non-U.S. customers or countries provided more than 10% of its 2021 revenue (that is, more than $12.6 billion) and only broke out the U.S. and the “Rest of World”. (*) We extracted the U.K. portion of “Rest of World” from the Companies House report for Microsoft Limited’s net turnover of £4.86 billion (which translated to $6.72 billion on June 30, 2021 at a rate of 1.3827 USD / pound). While Microsoft’s U.K. accounting of U.K. net turnover and U.S. accounting of U.K. revenue may follow slightly different rules, in the case of Oracle (where we could conduct a direct comparison), U.K. accounting of U.K. net turnover overestimated U.S. accounting of U.K. revenue by just under 20%. US Other Americas EMEA Asia Pacific 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 117.9 14.4 79.1 46.1 Alphabet’s 2021 Regional Revenue (Billions USD) Figure 25: Alphabet’s 2021 regional revenue components (in billions of USD) as reported by their 2021 U.S. Form 10-K. (*) We cannot separate out the UK portion of EMEA via Companies House data because we do not yet have 2021 filings. 94

US Other Americas EMEA Japan Other APac 5 10 15 20 25 22.9 5.4 17.4 5.65 5.95 IBM’s 2021 Regional Revenue (Billions USD) Figure 26: IBM’s 2021 regional revenue components (in billions of USD) as reported by the combination of their 2021 U.S. Form 10-K and to Companies House. IBM asserts that no other countries provide more than 10% of its revenue (that is, more than $5.735 billion). (*) We cannot separate out the UK portion of EMEA via Companies House data because we do not yet have 2021 filings. However, the 2020 filings suggested total UK net turnover of $4.79 billion. US CA Other Amer. UK DE Other EMEA Japan Other APac 0 5 10 15 20 18.7 1.28 1.81 2.11 1.74 8.04 1.99 4.77 Oracle’s 2021 Regional Revenue (Billions USD) Figure 27: Oracle’s 2021 regional revenue components (in billions of USD) as reported by their 2021 U.S. Form 10-K. Oracle asserts that no countries besides the US, UK, Japan, Germany, and Canada contributed more than 3% of their 2021 revenue (that is, more than $1.21 billion). We note that Oracle Corporation UK Limited’s Companies House 2021 Annual Report listed net turnover as £2.06 billion, which – at the May 31, 2021 translation rate of 1.4208 USD / GBP – yields just under a 40% overestimation of the U.S. accounting analogue of $2.11B. 95

China Other APac EMEA Americas Rest of World 0 100 200 300 400 413 53.7 131 29.2 9.14 Huawei’s 2021 Regional Revenue (Billions RMB) Figure 28: Huawei’s 2021 regional revenue components (in billions of RMB) as reported by their 2021 Annual Report. Mainland China Rest of World 0 200 400 513.7 46.43 Tencent’s 2021 Regional Revenue (Billions RMB) Figure 29: Tencent’s 2021 regional revenue components (in billions of RMB) as reported by their 2021 Annual Report. 96

Figure 30: Significant Amazon subsidiaries (and their named ancestors) which filed 2020 annual financial reports with the government of the United Kingdom: Wondery, Inc., Wondery UK Ltd, Internet Movie Database Limited, IMDb Services Limited, LOVEFiLM International Limited, D1P1 Transport Limited, DCE1 Transport Limited, and NCL1 Limited subsidiaries were removed to simplify the graph due to their insignificant financial contributions. Solid lines denote direct parentships named in the filings and dashed lines denote inferred parentage – while all such companies are known to be ultimately owned by Amazon.com, Inc., the inferred direct parentage of Amazon EU S.a.r.l. by Amazon Europe Core S.a.r.l. was derived from the analysis by the 2015 European Commission investigation into Amazon, which also Amazon Europe Core S.a.r.l. as the successor to Amazon Europe Holding Technologies SCS (“LuxSCS”) and referred to Amazon EU S.a.r.l. as “LuxOpCo”. We also note that Amazon UK Services Ltd was previously known as Amazon.co.uk Ltd. Cf. the analysis of Phillips et al. in The Amazon Method, which also draws upon data from Moody’s Analytics’s Orbis product. 97

Revenue Reported in US Turnover Reported in UK 0 10 20 30 Amazon’s Reported 2020 UK Revenue/Turnover (Billions USD) Figure 31: A comparison between the amount of 2020 UK revenue Amazon reported in its US annual report ($26.5B) vs. the sum of net turnover amounts reported to the UK government via its identified subsidiaries ($11.6B). Using the closing exchange rate on Dec. 31, 2021 of 1.3498 USD / GBP, the resulting contributions were, in decreasing order: $6.55B from Amazon UK Services Ltd, $2.43B from Amazon Digital UK Ltd, $1.39 billion from Amazon Online UK Ltd, $400 million from The Book Depository Ltd, $320 million from Amazon Data Services UK Ltd, $200 million from Amazon Payments UK Ltd, $190 million from Amazon Development Center Ltd, $110 million from Twitch UK Ltd, $10 million from IMDb Services Ltd, and insignificant contributions from Ring of Security Limited et al. Figure 32: Significant Alphabet subsidiaries (and their named ancestors) which filed 2020 annual financial reports with the government of the United Kingdom. Solid lines denote direct parentships named in the filings and dashed lines denote inferred parentage – all such companies are known to be ultimately owned by Alphabet, Inc. 98

Figure 33: Significant Microsoft subsidiaries (and their named ancestors) which filed 2020 annual financial reports with the government of the United Kingdom. Solid lines denote direct parentships named in the filings and dashed lines denote inferred parentage – all such companies are known to be ultimately owned by Microsoft Corporation. Figure 34: Significant IBM subsidiaries (and their named ancestors) which filed 2020 annual financial reports with the government of the United Kingdom. Solid lines denote direct parentships named in the filings and dashed lines denote inferred parentage – all such companies are known to be ultimately owned by IBM Corporation. Figure 35: Significant Oracle subsidiaries (and their named ancestors) which filed 2020 annual financial reports with the government of the United Kingdom. Solid lines denote direct parentships named in the filings and dashed lines denote inferred parentage – all such companies are known to be ultimately owned by Oracle Corporation. 99

Amazon Microsoft* Oracle* Tencent* IBM Google* Huawei* Alibaba 20 40 60 62.2 60.1 28.7 20.2 19.2 27 16.1 9.45 2021 Cloud* Revenue (Billions USD) Figure 36: The closest Amazon, Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, and Alphabet came to reporting their 2021 cloud revenues (in billions) via their most recent Form 10-K filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Tencent’s 2021 “FinTech and Business Services” revenue was sourced from pg. 233 of their 2021 Annual Report. Huawei’s 2021 Enterprise revenue was sourced from its 2021 Annual Report and Alibaba’s yearly cloud revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 were sourced from pg. 98 of their 2021 Annual Report. All RMB amounts were translated into USD using the April 9, 2022 conversion rate of 0.15715 USD / RMB. (*) Microsoft does not explicitly break out its Azure revenue and instead reports on its “Intelligent Cloud” business, of which Azure is a component. Oracle reports the combination of its cloud and licensing revenue and does not break out either of the two components. Tencent reports cloud computing revenue as part of its “FinTech and Business Services” segment. Google reports the combined revenue of its Google Cloud Platform and Google Workspace services; the latter includes GMail, Docs, Drive, Calendar, and Meet. Huawei does not break out Huawei Cloud and so we reported the revenue of its larger Enterprise segment as an overestimate. Alphabet Microsoft Tencent Amazon Alibaba Huawei Oracle IBM 0 20 40 60 80 100 90.7 71.1 38.2 13 4.84 39 26 19.2 2021 (Continuing) Income Before Income Taxes (Billions USD) Figure 37: Fiscal Year 2021 (continuing) income before income taxes, in billions of USD, of Amazon, Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, Alphabet, Tencent, Alibaba, and Huawei as reported in their 2021 annual reports. The latter three companies’ incomes before income taxes were converted from RMB to USD using the exchange rate from April 9, 2022: 0.15715 USD / RMB. 100

Alphabet Amazon Microsoft Oracle IBM 0 20 40 60 80 77 35.9 35 4.38 −2.65 2021 Domestic Income Before Income Taxes (Billions USD) Figure 38: Fiscal Year 2021 domestic (i.e., U.S.) income before income taxes, in billions of USD, of Amazon, Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, and Alphabet as reported in their 2021 annual reports. Said amounts do not appear to be broken out in the annual reports of Tencent, Alibaba, and Huawei. 101

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[161] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services Canada Inc. (2BS17481). https://search.open. canada.ca/en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2020-2021-Q4-00348, 2021-02-16. [162] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services Canada Inc. (2BS17482). https://search.open. canada.ca/en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2020-2021-Q4-00306, 2021-02-09. [163] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services Canada Inc. (2BS21097). https://search.open. canada.ca/en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2022-2023-Q1-00226, 2022-06-08. [164] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services Canada, Inc. (700570859). https://search.open. canada.ca/en/ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2020-2021-Q4-00188, 2021-03-24. [165] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services Canada, Inc. (700572376). https://search.open. canada.ca/en/ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2021-2022-Q1-00092, 2021-04-06. [166] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services Inc. (2020001503). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/cra-arc,C-2021-2022-Q1-00020, 2019-10-25. [167] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services Inc. (2B20351393). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/cbsa-asfc,C-2020-2021-Q4-00322, 2020-01-01. [168] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services Inc. (2BS220024). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2021-2022-Q3-00299, 2021-12-15. [169] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc (700508329). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2019-2020-Q4-00171, 2020-03-25. [170] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc. (700518488). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2021-2022-Q3-00021, 2020-06-18. [171] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc. (700553207). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2021-2022-Q3-00025, 2021-01-06. [172] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc. (700612329). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2021-2022-Q4-00082, 2021-10-25. [173] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc. (700640055). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2021-2022-Q4-00102, 2022-03-23. [174] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc. (700656403). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2022-2023-Q1-00207, 2022-06-10. [175] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services Inc. (80003816). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/nrcan-rncan,C-2020-2021-Q4-00014, 2021-03-12. [176] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services Inc. (80004844). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/nrcan-rncan,C-2021-2022-Q4-00676, 2022-03-25. [177] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc. (9600388). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/ic,C-2021-2022-Q4-00492, 2020-09-08. [178] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc. (9600481). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/ic,C-2020-2021-Q4-00447, 2021-03-09. [179] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc. (9600565). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/ic,C-2021-2022-Q4-00496, 2021-07-16. [180] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc. (9600570). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/ic,C-2021-2022-Q2-00249, 2021-09-07. [181] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc. (9600715). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/ic,C-2021-2022-Q4-00513, 2022-03-10. [182] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc. (9600723). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/ic,C-2021-2022-Q4-00516, 2022-03-10. [183] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc. (9600732). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/ic,C-2021-2022-Q4-00519, 2022-03-31. [184] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc. (9600759). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/ic,C-2022-2023-Q1-00233, 2022-05-06. [185] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services Inc (Canada) (8048606). https://search.open. canada.ca/en/ct/id/nfb-onf,C-2021-2022-Q2-00037, 2021-03-25. [186] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services Inc (Canada) (8052086). https://search.open. canada.ca/en/ct/id/nfb-onf,C-2022-2023-Q1-00038, 2022-04-01. [187] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services, Inc. (R213698). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/phac-aspc,C-2021-2022-Q3-00615, 2021-07-01. 108

[188] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services Inc. (S1333). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/nrcan-rncan,C-2020-2021-Q3-00473, 2020-11-17. [189] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services Inc (S200202002). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/nfb-onf,C-2020-2021-Q4-00144, 2020-04-08. [190] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services (SO 1739). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/dnd-mdn,C-2020-2021-Q4-00214, 2021-02-22. [191] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Amazon Web Services (SO 3126). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/dnd-mdn,C-2020-2021-Q4-00026, 2021-02-26. [192] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Aws Services (SO 3941). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ct/id/ dnd-mdn,C-2021-2022-Q3-00221, 2021-11-19. [193] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Google Canada (SO 1696). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ct/id/ dnd-mdn,C-2020-2021-Q4-00078, 2021-03-16. [194] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Google Cloud Canada Corporation (700560333). https://search.open. canada.ca/en/ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2021-2022-Q4-00057, 2021-02-09. [195] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Google Cloud Canada Corporation (700609528). https://search.open. canada.ca/en/ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2021-2022-Q3-00040, 2021-10-07. [196] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Google Cloud Canada Corporation (700656399). https://search.open. canada.ca/en/ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2022-2023-Q1-00218, 2022-06-10. [197] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Google Cloud Canada Corporation (S202103474). https://search.open. canada.ca/en/ct/id/ps-sp,C-2020-2021-Q3-00052, 2020-12-23. [198] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Google Cloud Canada Corporation (S202205900). https://search.open. canada.ca/en/ct/id/ps-sp,C-2021-2022-Q4-00030, 2022-03-20. [199] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Google Inc. (80004379). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ct/id/ nrcan-rncan,C-2021-2022-Q3-00003, 2021-10-28. [200] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Google Inc. (80004385). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ct/id/ nrcan-rncan,C-2021-2022-Q3-00004, 2021-10-28. [201] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Google Inc. (80004791). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ct/id/ nrcan-rncan,C-2021-2022-Q4-00062, 2022-03-08. [202] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Google Inc. (R00001737). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ct/id/ phac-aspc,C-2020-2021-Q4-00433, 2021-03-30. [203] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft (80004772). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ct/id/ nrcan-rncan,C-2021-2022-Q4-00070, 2022-03-04. [204] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada (0A200602571301P). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/vac-acc,C-2020-2021-Q1-00023, 2020-06-02. [205] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada (0P001-19-0004). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/ocol-clo,C-2019-2020-Q2-00002, 2019-04-01. [206] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada (180812). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ct/id/ elections,C-2020-2021-Q4-00053, 2021-02-09. [207] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Co (0000000000000000000180812). https://search. open.canada.ca/en/ct/id/elections,C-2018-2019-Q4-00178, 2019-04-01. [208] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Co. (3000727500). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/elections,C2021-2022-Q1-00003, 2021-04-01. [209] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Co. (4500008491). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/dfo-mpo,C-2021-2022-Q2-00085, 2021-07-15. [210] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Co. (4500023530). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/dfo-mpo,C-2021-2022-Q4-01958, 2022-03-28. [211] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Co. (4500026436). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/dfo-mpo,C-2022-2023-Q1-00043, 2022-05-25. [212] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Co. (FP815-190008). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/dfo-mpo,C-2019-2020-Q4-01310, 2019-08-07. [213] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Co. (FP876-200021). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/dfo-mpo,C-2020-2021-Q4-01352, 2021-03-02. [214] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Co. (S202300463). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/rcmp-grc,C-2022-2023-Q1-00671, 2022-04-29. 109

[215] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Co. (S202300467). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/rcmp-grc,C-2022-2023-Q1-00672, 2022-05-03. [216] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Company (000012202). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/statcan,C-2021-2022-Q1-00001, 2021-04-01. [217] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Company (000012209). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/statcan,C-2021-2022-Q1-00002, 2021-04-01. [218] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Company (000012443). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/statcan,C-2021-2022-Q1-00034, 2021-05-01. [219] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Company (000013045). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/statcan,C-2022-2023-Q1-00042, 2022-04-01. [220] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Company (000013082). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/statcan,C-2021-2022-Q4-00138, 2022-03-24. [221] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Company (11861). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/statcan,C-2020-2021-Q1-00030, 2020-05-15. [222] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Company (12408). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/statcan,C-2020-2021-Q4-00099, 2020-05-15. [223] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Company (12414). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/statcan,C-2020-2021-Q4-00101, 2021-04-01. [224] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (000013096). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/statcan,C-2022-2023-Q1-00027, 2022-04-01. [225] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (000013099). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/statcan,C-2022-2023-Q1-00028, 2022-04-01. [226] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (0A200602571302P). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/vac-acc,2020-2021-Q2-00065, 2020-08-27. [227] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2020001487). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/cra-arc,C-2021-2022-Q4-00217, 2019-10-24. [228] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc (21120-19-3060142). https://search.open.canada. ca/en/ct/id/csc-scc,C-2021-2022-Q3-00029, 2019-04-01. [229] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2406220651). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/tbs-sct,C-2019-2020-Q4-00064, 2020-02-04. [230] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2406220867). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/tbs-sct,C-2019-2020-Q4-00063, 2020-03-26. [231] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2406221191). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/tbs-sct,C-2020-2021-Q4-00054, 2020-10-22. [232] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2406221350). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/tbs-sct,C-2020-2021-Q4-00055, 2021-03-22. [233] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2406222180). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/tbs-sct,C-2021-2022-Q4-00070, 2021-10-01. [234] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2B0KBQ0063). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2018-2019-Q4-00318, 2019-01-02. [235] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2B0KBQ0133). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2021-2022-Q3-00546, 2021-11-16. [236] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2B19346215). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/cbsa-asfc,C-2021-2022-Q2-00359, 2019-04-01. [237] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2B20351159). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/cbsa-asfc,C-2019-2020-Q4-00177, 2020-04-01. [238] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2B21356165). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/cbsa-asfc,C-2021-2022-Q2-00360, 2020-12-07. [239] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2B21357479). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/cbsa-asfc,C-2021-2022-Q3-00356, 2021-04-01. [240] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BH433063A). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2020-2021-Q4-00277, 2019-04-01. [241] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BH433063B). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2019-2020-Q4-00299, 2019-04-12. 110

[242] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS001340). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2020-2021-Q3-00184, 2020-11-18. [243] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS020632). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2021-2022-Q4-00462, 2022-03-01. [244] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS020713). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2022-2023-Q1-00135, 2022-03-14. [245] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS021500). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2022-2023-Q1-00261, 2022-06-27. [246] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS14737). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2019-2020-Q4-00287, 2020-01-28. [247] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS16281A). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2020-2021-Q3-00179, 2020-11-16. [248] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS17386). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2020-2021-Q4-00276, 2021-02-01. [249] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS17429). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2020-2021-Q4-00414, 2021-03-10. [250] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS17468). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2020-2021-Q4-00274, 2021-02-01. [251] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS17576). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2020-2021-Q4-00273, 2021-02-01. [252] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS17645). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2020-2021-Q4-00347, 2021-02-17. [253] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS18840). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2021-2022-Q3-00175, 2021-07-21. [254] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS1927). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2021-2022-Q3-00158, 2021-09-30. [255] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS20520). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2021-2022-Q4-00349, 2022-02-01. [256] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS20991). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2022-2023-Q1-00233, 2022-04-01. [257] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS220025A). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2021-2022-Q4-00247, 2021-12-15. [258] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS2220146). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2021-2022-Q4-00270, 2022-01-11. [259] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BS433063). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2021-2022-Q2-00214, 2019-04-24. [260] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (2BSC20554). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/esdc-edsc,C-2021-2022-Q4-00532, 2022-03-28. [261] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (45435665). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/pch,C-2021-2022-Q2-00008, 2021-02-10. [262] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (6959185a). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/osfi-bsif,C-2021-2022-Q4-00088, 2020-11-16. [263] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (7004330570). https://search.open.canada.ca/ en/ct/id/irb-cisr,C-2021-2022-Q1-00178, 2019-04-01. [264] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (700433063). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2020-2021-Q3-00031, 2019-03-18. [265] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (700507879). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2021-2022-Q4-00052, 2020-03-19. [266] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (700525775). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/ssc-spc,C-2021-2022-Q4-00055, 2020-08-04. [267] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (7247745). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/ps-sp,C-2020-2021-Q4-00030, 2021-01-07. [268] Government of Canada. Contract Details: Microsoft Canada Inc. (80002322). https://search.open.canada.ca/en/ ct/id/cfia-acia,C-2020-2021-Q1-00093, 2019-04-01. 111

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Microsoft Unified Support (RM1557.12). https://www.contractsfinder. service.gov.uk/notice/947e6798-2b88-4b55-bf13-7c8fc39e04e2, 2021-09-06. [519] Government of the United Kingdom. Microsoft Unified Support Services (SR467456761). https://www. contractsfinder.service.gov.uk/notice/4e8659ed-771a-4920-bf76-53fdf28547ea, 2021-09-17. 121

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[619] Government of the United States. Department of Defense IDIQ FA861221D0096. https://www.usaspending.gov/ award/CONT_IDV_FA861221D0096_9700, 2020. [620] Government of the United States. Department of Defense OTIDV M678542094654. https://www.fpds.gov/ezsearch/ search.do?q=M678542094654+9700+&s=FPDS&templateName=1.5.2&indexName=awardfull&sortBy=SIGNED_DATE& desc=N, 2020. [621] Government of the United States. Department of Defense OTO N00164209G009. https://www.fpds.gov/ezsearch/ search.do?s=FPDS&indexName=awardfull&templateName=1.5.2&q=N00164209G009+9700+, 2020. [622] Government of the United States. Department of Homeland Security IDIQ Contract 70RTAC20D00000002. https: //www.usaspending.gov/award/CONT_IDV_70RTAC20D00000002_7001, 2020. [623] Government of the United States. Department of Justice IDIQ Contract 15UC0C20D00001772. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_IDV_15UC0C20D00001772_1542, 2020. [624] Government of the United States. Department of the Treasury Purchase Order 2032H520P00125. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_2032H520P00125_2050_-NONE-_-NONE-, 2020. [625] Government of the United States. General Services Administration Delivery Order 47QFCA20F0049. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_47QFCA20F0049_4732_47QTCK18D0003_4732, 2020. [626] Government of the United States. Securities and Exchange Commission Delivery Order 50310220F0160. https: //www.usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_50310220F0160_5000_50310219D0011_5000, 2020. [627] Government of the United States. Department of Defense BPA Call HC108421F0041. https://www.usaspending. gov/award/CONT_AWD_HC108421F0041_9700_HC108420A0003_9700, 2021. [628] Government of the United States. Department of Defense BPA Call HC108421F0064. https://www.usaspending. gov/award/CONT_AWD_HC108421F0064_9700_HC108420A0003_9700, 2021. [629] Government of the United States. Department of Defense BPA Call HC108421F0077. https://www.usaspending. gov/award/CONT_AWD_HC108421F0077_9700_HC108420A0003_9700, 2021. [630] Government of the United States. Department of Defense BPA Call HC108421F0160. https://www.usaspending. gov/award/CONT_AWD_HC108421F0160_9700_HC108420A0003_9700, 2021. [631] Government of the United States. Department of Defense BPA Call HC108422F0001. https://www.usaspending. gov/award/CONT_AWD_HC108422F0001_9700_HC108420A0003_9700, 2021. [632] Government of the United States. Department of Defense BPA Call HC108422F0028. https://www.usaspending. gov/award/CONT_AWD_HC108422F0028_9700_HC108420A0003_9700, 2021. [633] Government of the United States. Department of Defense BPA Call HC108422F0030. https://www.usaspending. gov/award/CONT_AWD_HC108422F0030_9700_HC108420A0003_9700, 2021. [634] Government of the United States. Department of Defense BPA Call HC108422F0044. https://www.usaspending. gov/award/CONT_AWD_HC108422F0044_9700_HC108420A0003_9700, 2021. [635] Government of the United States. Department of Defense BPA Call M6785421F4034. https://www.usaspending.gov/ award/CONT_AWD_M6785421F4034_9700_N6600121A0085_9700, 2021. [636] Government of the United States. Department of Defense BPA Call N0003921F1039. https://www.usaspending.gov/ award/CONT_AWD_N0003921F1039_9700_N6600121A0085_9700, 2021. [637] Government of the United States. Department of Defense BPA Call N0018921FZ495. https://www.usaspending.gov/ award/CONT_AWD_N0018921FZ495_9700_N6600121A0085_9700, 2021. [638] Government of the United States. Department of Defense BPA Call N6426721F5078. https://www.usaspending.gov/ award/CONT_AWD_N6426721F5078_9700_N6600121A0085_9700, 2021. [639] Government of the United States. Department of Defense BPA Call W52P1J22F0142. https://www.usaspending. gov/award/CONT_AWD_W52P1J22F0142_9700_HC108420A0003_9700, 2021. [640] Government of the United States. Department of Defense Definitive Contract W52P1J21C0025. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_W52P1J21C0025_9700_-NONE-_-NONE-, 2021. [641] Government of the United States. Department of Defense Delivery Order FA251821F0035. https://www.usaspending. gov/award/CONT_AWD_FA251821F0035_9700_FA830720G0068_9700, 2021. [642] Government of the United States. Department of Defense OTIDV W91CRB219P002. https://www.fpds. gov/ezsearch/search.do?q=W91CRB219P002+9700+&s=FPDS&templateName=1.5.2&indexName=awardfull&sortBy= SIGNED_DATE&desc=N, 2021. [643] Government of the United States. Department of Homeland Security BPA Call 70B04C21F00000286. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70B04C21F00000286_7014_70RTAC21A00000001_7001, 2021. [644] Government of the United States. Department of Homeland Security BPA Call 70CTD021FC0000031. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70CTD021FC0000031_7012_70RTAC21A00000001_7001, 2021. 126

[645] Government of the United States. Department of Homeland Security BPA Call 70CTD021FC0000045. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70CTD021FC0000045_7012_70RTAC21A00000001_7001, 2021. [646] Government of the United States. Department of Homeland Security BPA Call 70RTAC21FC0000012. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70RTAC21FC0000012_7001_70RTAC21A00000001_7001, 2021. [647] Government of the United States. Department of Homeland Security BPA Call 70SBUR21F00000090. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70SBUR21F00000090_7003_70RTAC21A00000001_7001, 2021. [648] Government of the United States. Department of Homeland Security BPA Call 70T03021F7667N013. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70T03021F7667N013_7013_70RTAC21A00000001_7001, 2021. [649] Government of the United States. Department of Homeland Security BPA Call 70US0921F1DHS0036. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70US0921F1DHS0036_7009_70RTAC21A00000001_7001, 2021. [650] Government of the United States. Department of Homeland Security BPA Call 70VT1521F00006. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70VT1521F00006_7004_70RTAC21A00000001_7001, 2021. [651] Government of the United States. Department of Homeland Security Definitive Contract 70T02021C6100N001. https: //www.usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70T02021C6100N001_7013_-NONE-_-NONE-, 2021. [652] Government of the United States. Department of Homeland Security Definitive Contract 70T03021C7667N002. https: //www.usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70T03021C7667N002_7013_-NONE-_-NONE-, 2021. [653] Government of the United States. Department of Homeland Security Delivery Order 70CTD021FR0000099. https: //www.usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70CTD021FR0000099_7012_75N98120D00024_7529, 2021. [654] Government of the United States. Department of Homeland Security Delivery Order 70RSAT21FR0000112. https: //www.usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70RSAT21FR0000112_7001_75N98118D00064_7529, 2021. [655] Government of the United States. Department of Homeland Security Delivery Order 70RTAC22FR0000064. https: //www.usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_70RTAC22FR0000064_7001_70RTAC21D00000006_7001, 2021. [656] Government of the United States. Department of Justice Delivery Order 15JPSS21F00000429. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_15JPSS21F00000429_1501_15JPSS20G00000304_1501, 2021. [657] Government of the United States. General Services Administration Contract 47QFRA21F0029. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_47QFRA21F0029_4732_47QTCK18D0036_4732, 2021. [658] Government of the United States. Social Security Administration BPA Call 28321322FA0010025. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_28321322FA0010025_2800_28321322A00040001_2800, 2021. [659] Government of the United States. Social Security Administration Contract 28321321FA0010133. https://www. usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_28321321FA0010133_2800_28321321A00040003_2800, 2021. [660] Government of the United States. Department of Defense OTA FA87261890002. https://www.fpds.gov/ezsearch/ search.do?q=FA87261890002+9700+&s=FPDS&templateName=1.5.2&indexName=awardfull&sortBy=SIGNED_DATE& desc=Y, 2022. [661] Government of the United States. Department of Defense OTIDV W91CRB1990001. https://www.fpds. gov/ezsearch/search.do?q=W91CRB1990001+9700+&s=FPDS&templateName=1.5.2&indexName=awardfull&sortBy= SIGNED_DATE&desc=Y, 2022. [662] Government of the United States. Department of Education BPA Call 91990022F0332. https://www.usaspending. gov/award/CONT_AWD_91990022F0332_9100_91990022A0008_9100, 2022. [663] Government of the United States. Department of Health and Human Services Delivery Order 75P00122F80128. https: //www.usaspending.gov/award/CONT_AWD_75P00122F80128_7570_47QTCA22D003G_4732, 2022. [664] Government of the United States. 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[992] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2020/S 255-640588. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:640588-2020:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2020-12-28. [993] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2020/S 255-640678. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:640678-2020:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2020-12-29. [994] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2020/S 255-642100. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:642100-2020:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2020-12-29. [995] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2020/S 255-642486. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:642486-2020:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2020-12-29. [996] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 001-001350. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:001350-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2020-12-30. [997] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 005-006680. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:006680-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-04. [998] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 006-010128. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:010128-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-06. [999] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 008-015223. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:015223-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-08. [1000] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 010-017303. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:017303-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-12. [1001] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 010-018976. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:018976-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-11. [1002] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 010-019371. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:019371-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-12. [1003] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 011-021748. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:021748-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-13. [1004] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 012-024655. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:024655-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-14. [1005] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 012-024759. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:024759-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-14. [1006] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 012-025584. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:025584-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-14. [1007] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 012-025585. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:025585-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-14. [1008] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 015-031087. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:031087-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-18. [1009] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 015-034928. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:034928-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-18. [1010] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 015-034981. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:034981-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-19. [1011] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 016-036153. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:036153-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-20. [1012] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 016-036905. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:036905-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-20. [1013] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 017-038592. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:038592-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-21. [1014] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 017-039320. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:039320-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-21. [1015] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 018-041123. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:041123-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-22. [1016] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 018-043084. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:043084-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-22. [1017] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 020-045129. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:045129-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-25. [1018] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 021-051341. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:051341-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-27. 140

[1019] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 022-052136. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:052136-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-28. [1020] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 022-052265. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:052265-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-28. [1021] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 022-053109. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:053109-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-01-28. [1022] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 025-059281. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:059281-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-02-01. [1023] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 025-059293. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:059293-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-02-01. [1024] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 025-061052. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:061052-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-02-01. [1025] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 025-061089. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:061089-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-02-01. [1026] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 028-068776. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:068776-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-02-05. [1027] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 030-072955. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:072955-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-02-09. [1028] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 033-082102. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:082102-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-02-12. [1029] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 034-083758. http://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:083758-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-02-11. [1030] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 035-085904. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:085904-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-02-16. [1031] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 038-095735. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:095735-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-02-19. [1032] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 042-104654. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:104654-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-02-25. [1033] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 042-104790. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:104790-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-02-25. [1034] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 049-122180. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:122180-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-03-06. [1035] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 055-136598. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:136598-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-03-15. [1036] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 055-137074. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:137074-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-03-16. [1037] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 062-156966. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:156966-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-03-25. [1038] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 065-167414. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:167414-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-03-30. [1039] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 067-173207. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:173207-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-02. [1040] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 069-174956. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:174956-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-06. [1041] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 069-175206. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:175206-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-06. [1042] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 069-175336. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:175336-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-06. [1043] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 072-183188. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:183188-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-09. [1044] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 072-183193. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:183193-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-09. [1045] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 074-186738. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:186738-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-12. 141

[1046] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 075-191573. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:191573-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-14. [1047] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 076-193963. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:193963-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-15. [1048] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 077-196904. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:196904-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-16. [1049] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 077-197079. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:197079-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-16. [1050] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 079-200731. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:200731-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-19. [1051] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 082-211050. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:211050-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-23. [1052] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 082-211110. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:211110-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-23. [1053] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 082-211306. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:211306-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-23. [1054] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 082-212045. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:212045-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-23. [1055] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 084-214644. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:214644-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-26. [1056] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 086-223725. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:223725-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-28. [1057] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 087-224712. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:224712-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-04-30. [1058] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 089-228439. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:228439-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-05-04. [1059] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 089-228953. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:228953-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-05-04. [1060] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 089-230633. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:230633-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-05-04. [1061] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 092-238174. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:238174-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-05-07. [1062] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 093-244168. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:244168-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-05-11. [1063] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 093-245174. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:245174-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-05-10. [1064] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 094-247781. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:247781-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-05-12. [1065] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 095-249177. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:249177-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-05-13. [1066] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 095-249958. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:249958-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-05-13. [1067] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 098-254938. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:254938-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-05-18. [1068] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 099-261102. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:261102-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-05-20. [1069] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 105-277001. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:277001-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-05-28. [1070] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 105-277004. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:277004-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-05-28. [1071] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 105-277856. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:277856-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-05-28. [1072] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 107-281740. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:281740-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-01. 142

[1073] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 108-284721. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:284721-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-02. [1074] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 112-293912. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:293912-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-07. [1075] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 112-294282. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:294282-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-08. [1076] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 112-295308. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:295308-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-07. [1077] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 115-301884. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:301884-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-10. [1078] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 117-307181. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:307181-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-14. [1079] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 118-309854. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:309854-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-16. [1080] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 119-313182. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:313182-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-17. [1081] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 119-313276. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:313276-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-16. [1082] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 119-313670. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:313670-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-18. [1083] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 119-315382. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:315382-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-18. [1084] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 121-318925. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:318925-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-22. [1085] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 121-318957. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:318957-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-22. [1086] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 122-323209. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:323209-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-23. [1087] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 122-323235. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:323235-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-23. [1088] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 122-324615. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:324615-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-23. [1089] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 123-327216. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:327216-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-24. [1090] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 127-337384. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:337384-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-30. [1091] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 127-337414. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:337414-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-06-30. [1092] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 131-348438. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:348438-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-06. [1093] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 131-349302. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:349302-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-06. [1094] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 132-350632. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:350632-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-07. [1095] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 132-351384. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:351384-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-07. [1096] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 134-356313. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:356313-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-09. [1097] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 136-360271. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:360271-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-13. [1098] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 136-360340. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:360340-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-13. [1099] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 136-363740. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:363740-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-12. 143

[1100] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 137-365809. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:365809-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-14. [1101] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 141-373327. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:373327-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-19. [1102] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 141-373358. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:373358-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-20. [1103] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 141-373721. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:373721-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-20. [1104] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 144-383764. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:383764-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-23. [1105] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 146-386889. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:386889-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-27. [1106] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 147-392060. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:392060-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-28. [1107] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 148-394621. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:394621-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-07-29. [1108] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407571. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407571-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1109] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407572. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407572-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1110] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407573. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407573-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1111] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407574. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407574-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1112] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407576. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407576-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1113] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407577. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407577-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1114] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407578. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407578-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1115] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407579. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407579-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1116] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407580. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407580-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1117] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407581. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407581-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1118] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407582. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407582-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1119] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407583. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407583-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1120] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407584. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407584-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1121] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407585. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407585-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1122] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407586. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407586-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1123] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407587. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407587-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1124] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407588. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407588-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1125] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407589. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407589-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1126] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407590. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407590-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. 144

[1127] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407591. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407591-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1128] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407592. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407592-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1129] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407593. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407593-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1130] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407594. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407594-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1131] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407595. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407595-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1132] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407596. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407596-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1133] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407597. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407597-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1134] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407598. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407598-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1135] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407599. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407599-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1136] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407600. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407600-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1137] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407601. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407601-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1138] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407602. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407602-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1139] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407604. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407604-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1140] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407608. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407608-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1141] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407609. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407609-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1142] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407610. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407610-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1143] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407611. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407611-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1144] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 153-407958. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:407958-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-05. [1145] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 157-416010. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:416010-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-11. [1146] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 158-419193. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:419193-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-12. [1147] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 159-420789. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:420789-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-13. [1148] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 166-433388. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:433388-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-23. [1149] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 166-434153. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:434153-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-23. [1150] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 167-438662. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:438662-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-25. [1151] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 169-441794. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:441794-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-08-27. [1152] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 176-457248. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:457248-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-09-07. [1153] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 176-458572. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:458572-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-09-06. 145

[1154] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 178-463513. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:463513-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-09-09. [1155] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 178-464663. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:464663-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-09-09. [1156] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 181-469423. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:469423-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-09-14. [1157] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 186-484033. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:484033-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-09-21. [1158] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 187-486447. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:486447-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-09-22. [1159] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 191-495543. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:495543-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-09-28. [1160] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 199-519906. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:519906-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-08. [1161] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 201-525123. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:525123-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-12. [1162] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 203-530943. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:530943-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-14. [1163] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 203-531014. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:531014-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-14. [1164] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 203-531524. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:531524-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-14. [1165] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 204-532574. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:532574-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-15. [1166] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 204-533827. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:533827-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-15. [1167] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 206-536504. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:536504-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-18. [1168] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 206-539048. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:539048-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-18. [1169] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 208-544092. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:544092-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-21. [1170] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 208-545220. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:545220-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-21. [1171] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 208-545286. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:545286-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-21. [1172] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 209-548007. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:548007-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-21. [1173] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 211-554803. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:554803-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-25. [1174] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 211-556820. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:556820-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-25. [1175] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 211-556861. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:556861-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-26. [1176] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 213-561283. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:561283-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-10-29. [1177] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 215-567326. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:567326-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-11-02. [1178] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 217-572520. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:572520-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-11-04. [1179] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 218-573666. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:573666-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-11-05. [1180] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 220-577794. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:577794-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-11-09. 146

[1181] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 220-579896. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:579896-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-11-09. [1182] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 221-583171. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:583171-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-11-10. [1183] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 223-587487. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:587487-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-11-12. [1184] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 223-588287. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:588287-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-11-12. [1185] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 227-598198. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:598198-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-11-18. [1186] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 227-598264. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:598264-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-11-18. [1187] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 227-598889. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:598889-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-11-18. [1188] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 230-603976. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:603976-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-11-23. [1189] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 235-616811. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:616811-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-11-30. [1190] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 236-622201. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:622201-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-12-01. [1191] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 240-634153. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:634153-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-12-07. [1192] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 241-636486. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:636486-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-12-08. [1193] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 242-639285. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:639285-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-12-09. [1194] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 245-647070. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:647070-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-12-13. [1195] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 245-648276. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:648276-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-12-13. [1196] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 246-651054. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:651054-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-12-15. [1197] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 248-657179. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:657179-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-12-17. [1198] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 250-661153. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:661153-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-12-21. [1199] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 250-661187. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:661187-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-12-21. [1200] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 250-663219. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:663219-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-12-20. [1201] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 250-665055. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:665055-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-12-21. [1202] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2021/S 252-671710. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:671710-2021:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-12-23. [1203] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2022/S 001-000663. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:000663-2022:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2021-12-29. [1204] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2022/S 005-007141. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:007141-2022:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2022-01-03. [1205] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2022/S 006-011016. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:011016-2022:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2022-01-05. [1206] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2022/S 006-012032. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:012032-2022:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2022-01-05. [1207] European Union. Tenders Electronic Daily Contract award notice 2022/S 006-012247. https://ted.europa.eu/udl? uri=TED:NOTICE:012247-2022:TEXT:EN:HTML, 2022-01-05. 147

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